References

JSSS

Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems

JSSS

J. Sens. Sens. Syst.

2194-878X

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/jsss-2-103-2013

Ultrasound-based density determination via buffer rod techniques: a review

Hoche

¹ Hussein

M. A.

¹ Becker

Chair of Brewing and Beverage, Bio-PAT (Bio-Process Analysis Technology), Freising, Germany

31 07 2013

2 2 103 125

2013

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://jsss.copernicus.org/articles/2/103/2013/jsss-2-103-2013.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://jsss.copernicus.org/articles/2/103/2013/jsss-2-103-2013.pdf

The review presents the fundamental ideas, assumptions and methods of non-invasive density measurements via ultrasound at solid–liquid interface. Since the first investigations in the 1970s there has been steady progress with regard to both the technological and methodical aspects. In particular, the technology in electronics has reached such a high level that industrial applications come within reach. In contrast, the accuracies have increased slowly from 1–2% to 0.15% for constant temperatures and to 0.4% for dynamic temperature changes. The actual work reviews all methodical aspects, and highlights the lack of clarity in major parts of the measurement principle: simplifications in the physical basics, signal generation and signal processing. With respect to process application the accuracy of the temperature measurement and the presence of temperature gradients have been identified as a major source of uncertainty. In terms of analytics the main source of uncertainty is the reflection coefficient, and as a consequence of this, the amplitude accuracy in time or frequency domain.

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