References

JSSS

Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems

JSSS

J. Sens. Sens. Syst.

2194-878X

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/jsss-3-29-2014

Overview on conductometric solid-state gas dosimeters

Marr

¹ Groß

¹ Moos

Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

22 01 2014

3 1 29 46

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://jsss.copernicus.org/articles/3/29/2014/jsss-3-29-2014.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://jsss.copernicus.org/articles/3/29/2014/jsss-3-29-2014.pdf

The aim of this article is to introduce the operation principles of conductometric solid-state dosimeter-type gas sensors, which have found increased attention in the past few years, and to give a literature overview on promising materials for this purpose. Contrary to common gas sensors, gas dosimeters are suitable for directly detecting the dose (also called amount or cumulated or integrated exposure of analyte gases) rather than the actual analyte concentration. Therefore, gas dosimeters are especially suited for low level applications with the main interest on mean values. The applied materials are able to change their electrical properties by selective accumulation of analyte molecules in the sensitive layer. The accumulating or dosimeter-type sensing principle is a promising method for reliable, fast, and long-term detection of low analyte levels. In contrast to common gas sensors, few devices relying on the accumulation principle are described in the literature. Most of the dosimeter-type devices are optical, mass sensitive (quartz microbalance/QMB, surface acoustic wave/SAW), or field-effect transistors. The prevalent focus of this article is, however, on solid-state gas dosimeters that allow a direct readout by measuring the conductance or the impedance, which are both based on materials that change (selectively in ideal materials) their conductivity or dielectric properties with gas loading. This overview also includes different operation modes for the accumulative sensing principle and its unique features.

References 1

Andringa, A.-M., Vlietstra, N., Smits, E. C. P., Spijkman, M.-J., Gomes, H. L., Klootwijk, J. H., Blom, P. W. M., and de Leeuw, D. M.: Dynamics of charge carrier trapping in NO2 sensors based on ZnO field-effect transistors, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 171–172, 1172–1179, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.062">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.062</a>, 2012.

Angelini, E., Grassini, S., Neri, A., Parvis, M., and Perrone, G.: Plastic Optic Fiber Sensor for Cumulative Measurements, in: Proceedings of the International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference – I2MTC 2009, Singapore, 5–7 May 2009, 1666–1670, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.2009.5168723">https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.2009.5168723</a>, 2009.

Bai, H. and Shi, G.: Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers, Sensors, 7, 267–307, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s7030267">https://doi.org/10.3390/s7030267</a>, 2007.

Barsan, N., Koziej, D., and Weimar, U.: Metal oxide-based gas sensor research: How to?, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 121, 18–35, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.09.047">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.09.047</a>, 2007.

Bartscherer, P. and Moos, R.: Improvement of the sensitivity of a conductometric soot sensor by adding a conductive cover layer, Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems, 2, 95–102, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-95-2013">https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-95-2013</a>, 2013.

Beer, S., Helwig, A., Müller, G., Garrido, J., and Stutzmann, M.: Water adsorbate mediated accumulation gas sensing at hydrogenated diamond surfaces, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 181, 894–903, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.02.072">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.02.072</a>, 2013.

Beulertz, G., Geupel, A., Moos, R., Kubinski, D. J., and Visser, J. H.: Accumulating gas sensor principle – how to come from concentration integration to real amount measurements, Procedia Engineering, 25, 1109–1112, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.273">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.273</a>, 2011.

Beulertz, G., Groß, A., Moos, R., Kubinski, D. J., and Visser, J. H.: Determining the total amount of NOx in a gas stream – Advances in the accumulating gas sensor principle, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 175, 157–162, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.02.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.02.017</a>, 2012.

Bhalla, V., Singh, H., and Kumar, M.: Facile Cyclization of Terphenyl to Triphenylene: A New Chemodosimeter for Fluoride Ions, Organic Lett., 12, 628–631, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol902861b">https://doi.org/10.1021/ol902861b</a>, 2010.

BImSchV 2010, Neununddreißigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (Verordnung über Luftqualitätsstandards und Emissionshöchstmengen-39. BImSchV). Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2010, ausgegeben zu Bonn am 5 August 2010, Nr. 40, 1065, 2010.

Brandenburg, A., Kita, J., Groß, A., and Moos, R.: Novel tube-type LTCC transducers with buried heaters and inner interdigitated electrodes as a platform for gas sensing at various high temperatures, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 189, 80–88, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.12.119">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.12.119</a>, 2013.

Brunet, J., Talazac, L., Battut, V., Pauly, A., Blanc, J. P., Germain, J. P., Pellier, S., and Soulier, C.: Evaluation of atmospheric pollution by two semiconductor gas sensors, Thin Solid Films, 391, 308–313, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01001-X">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01001-X</a>, 2001.

Brunet, J., Garcia Parra, V., Pauly, A., Varenne, C., and Lauron, B.: An optimized gas sensor microsystem for accurate and real-time measurement of nitrogen dioxide at ppb level, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 134, 632–639, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.06.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.06.010</a>, 2008.

Chen, R., Morris, H. R., and Whitmore, P. M.: Fast Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide Gas in the ppmv Range with Silver Nanoparticles Films at Ambient Conditions, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 186, 431–438, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.075">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.075</a>, 2013.

Corcoran, P. and Shurmer, H. V.: An intelligent gas sensor, Sensor. Actuator. A: Physical, 41–42, 192–197, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(94)80110-X">https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(94)80110-X</a>, 1994.

Dasgupta, P. K., Genfa, Z., Poruthoor, S. K., Caldwell, S., Dong, S., and Liu, S.-Y.: High-Sensitive Gas Sensors Based on Gas-Permeable Liquid Core Waveguides and Long-Path Absorbance Detection, Anal. Chem., 70, 4661–4669, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac980803t">https://doi.org/10.1021/ac980803t</a>, 1998.

Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe, Off. J. EU 2008, L152/1, 2008.

Eigenmann, F., Maciejewski, and Baiker, A.: Gas adsorption studied by pulse thermal analysis, Thermochimica Acta, 359, 131–141, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00516-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00516-5</a>, 2000.

Franke, M. E., Simon, U., Moos, R., Knezevic, A., Müller, R., and Plog, C.: Development and working principle of an ammonia gas sensor based on a refined model for solvate supported proton transport in zeolites, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phy., 5, 5195–5198, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B307502H">https://doi.org/10.1039/B307502H</a>, 2003.

Fremerey, P., Jess, A., and Moos, R.: Direct in-situ detection of sulfur loading on fixed bed catalysts, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors – IMCS 2012, Nuremberg, Germany, 20–23 May 2012, 76–79, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/IMCS2012/1.1.5">https://doi.org/10.5162/IMCS2012/1.1.5</a>, 2012.

Geupel, A., Schönauer, D., Röder-Roith, U., Kubinski, D. J., Mulla, S., Ballinger, T. H., Chen, H.-Y., Visser, J. H., and Moos, R.: Integrating nitrogen oxide sensor: A novel concept for measuring low concentrations in the exhaust gas, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 145, 756–761, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.01.036">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.01.036</a>, 2010.

Geupel, A., Kubinski, D. J., Mulla, S., Ballinger, T. H., Chen, H.-Y., Visser, J. H., and Moos, R.: Integrating NOx Sensor for Automotive Exhausts – A Novel Concept, Sensor Letters, 9, 311–315, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2011.1471">https://doi.org/10.1166/sl.2011.1471</a>, 2011.

Göpel, W.: New materials and transducers for chemical sensors, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 18–19, 1–21, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)87049-7">https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)87049-7</a>, 1994.

Groß, A., Beulertz, G., Marr, I., Kubinski, D. J., Visser, J. H., and Moos, R.: Dual Mode NOx Sensor: Measuring Both the Accumulated Amount and Instantaneous Level at Low Concentrations, Sensors, 12, 2831–2850, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120302831">https://doi.org/10.3390/s120302831</a>, 2012a.

Groß, A., Richter, M., Kubinski, D. J., Visser, J. H., and Moos, R.: The Effect of the Thickness of the Sensitive Layer on the Performance of the Accumulating NOx Sensor, Sensors, 12, 12329–12346, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120912329">https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912329</a>, 2012b.

Groß, A., Bishop, S. R., Yang, D. J., Tuller, H. L., and Moos, R.: The electrical properties of NOx-storing carbonates during NOx exposure, Solid State Ionics, 225, 317–323, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2012.05.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2012.05.009</a>, 2012c.

Groß, A., Hanft, D., Beulertz, G., Marr, I., Kubinski, D. J., Visser, J. H., and Moos, R.: The effect of SO2 on the sensitive layer of a NOx dosimeter, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 187, 153–161, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.10.039">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.10.039</a>, 2012d.

Groß, A., Kremling, M., Marr, I., Kubinski, D. J., Visser, J. H., Tuller, H. L., and Moos, R.: Dosimeter-Type NOx Sensing Properties of KMnO4 and Its Electrical Conductivity during Temperature Programmed Desorption, Sensors, 13, 4428–4449, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130404428">https://doi.org/10.3390/s130404428</a>, 2013a.

Groß, A., Weller, T., Tuller, H. L., and Moos, R.: Electrical conductivity study on NOx trap materials BaCO3 and K2CO3/La-Al2O3 during NOx exposure, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 187, 461–470, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.083">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.083</a>, 2013b.

Hagen, G., Feistkorn, C., Wiegärtner, S., Heinrich, A., Brüggemann, D., and Moos, R.: Conductometric Soot Sensor for Automotive Exhausts: Initial Studies, Sensors, 10, 1589–1598, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100301589">https://doi.org/10.3390/s100301589</a>, 2010.

Helwig, A., Müller, G., Weidemann, O., Härtl, A., Garrido, J. A., and Eickhoff, M.: Gas Sensing Interactions at Hydrogenated Diamond Surfaces, IEEE Sensors Journal, 7, 1349–1353, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2007.905019">https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2007.905019</a>, 2007.

Helwig, A., Müller, G., Garrido, J. A., and Eickhoff, M.: Gas sensing properties of hydrogen-terminated diamond, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 133, 156–165, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.02.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.02.007</a>, 2008.

Helwig, A., Beer, S., and Müller, G.: Breathing mode gas detection, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 179, 131–139, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.07.088">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.07.088</a>, 2013.

Hennemann, J., Sauerwald, T., Kohl, C.-D., Wagner, T., Bognitzki, M., and Greiner, A.: Electrospun copper oxide nanofibers for H2S dosimetry, Phys. Status Solidi A, 209, 911–916, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201100588">https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201100588</a>, 2012a.

Hennemann, J., Sauerwald, T., Wagner, T., Kohl, C.-D., Dräger, J., and Russ, S.: Electrospun Copper(II)oxide Fibers as Highly Sensitive and Selective Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide Utilizing Percolation Effects, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors – IMCS 2012, Nuremberg, Germany, 20–23 May 2012, 197–200, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/IMCS2012/2.3.4">https://doi.org/10.5162/IMCS2012/2.3.4</a>, 2012b.

Hennemann, J., Sauerwald, T., Wagner, T., Kohl, C.-D., Dräger, J., and Russ, S.: Gassensoren für Schwefelwasserstoff mit integrierender Funktion, in: Proceedings of the XXVI. Messtechnisches Symposium des Arbeitskreises der Hochschullehrer für Messtechnik, Aachen, Germany, 20–22 September 2012, 5–16, 2012c.

Husted, H., Roth, G., Nelson, S., Hocken, L., Fulks, G., and Racine, D.: Sensing of Particulate Matter for On-Board Diagnosis of Particulate Filters, SAE paper 2012-01-0372, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0372">https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0372</a>, 2012.

Jung, W., Sahner, K., Leung, A., and Tuller, H. L.: Acoustic wave-based NO2 sensor: Ink-jet printed active layer, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 141, 485–490, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.07.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.07.010</a>, 2009.

Katayama, S., Yamada, N., and Awano, M.: Preparation of alkaline-earth metal silicates from gels and their NOx-adsorption behavior, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 24, 421–425, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00211-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00211-5</a>, 2004.

Kita, J., Brandenburg, A., Groß, A., and Moos, R.: Novel tube-type LTTC transducers with buried heaters and inner interdigitated electrodes for high-temperatures gas sensors, Proc. Eng., 47, 60–63, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.084">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.084</a>, 2012.

Klug, A., Denk, M., Bauer, T., Sandholzer, M., Scherf, U., Slugovc, C., and List, E. J. W.: Organic field-effect transistor based sensors with sensitive gate dielectrics used for low-concentration ammonia detection, Organic Electronics, 14, 500–504, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.11.030">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.11.030</a>, 2013.

Kohl, D.: Function and applications of gas sensors, J. Phys. D: Applied Physics, 34, R125–R149, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/19/201">https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/34/19/201</a>, 2001.

Kondo, A., Yokoi, S., Sakurai, T., Nishikawa, S., Egami, T., Tokuda, M., and Sakuma, T.: New Particulate Matter Sensor for On Board Diagnosis, SAE paper 2011-01-0302, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0302">https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0302</a>, 2011.

Kubinski, D. J. and Visser J. H.: Sensor and method for determining the ammonia loading of a zeolite SCR catalyst, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 130, 425–429, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.09.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.09.007</a>, 2008.

Li, J., Lu, Y., Ye, Q., Cinke, M., Han, J., and Meyyappan, M.: Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Gas and Organic Vapor Detection, Nano Letters, 3, 929–933, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl034220x">https://doi.org/10.1021/nl034220x</a>, 2003.

Liu, X., Cheng, S., Liu, H., Hu, S., Zhang, D., and Ning, H.: A Survey on Gas Sensing Technology, Sensors, 12, 9635–9665, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120709635">https://doi.org/10.3390/s120709635</a>, 2012.

Mangu, R., Rajaputra, S., Clore, P., Qian, D., Andrews, R., and Singh, V. P.: Ammonia sensing properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes embedded in porous alumina templates, Materials Science and Engineering B, 174, 2–8, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2010.03.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2010.03.003</a>, 2010.

Marr, I., Stöcker, T., and Moos, R.: Resistives Gasdosimeter auf Basis von PEDOT:PSS zur Detektion von NO und NO2, in: Proceedings of the 11th Dresdner Sensor-Symposium, Dresden, Germany, 9–11 December 2013, 317–320, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/11dss2013/F3">https://doi.org/10.5162/11dss2013/F3</a>, 2013.

Martin, S. J., Frye, G. C., Spates, J. J., and Butler, M. A.: Gas Sensing with Acoustic Devices, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1996, 1, San Antonio, Texas/USA, 3–6 November 1996, 423–434, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1996.584005">https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1996.584005</a>, 1996.

Maruo, Y. Y.: Measurement of ambient ozone using newly developed porous glass sensor, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 126, 485–491, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.03.041">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.03.041</a>, 2007.

Maruo, Y. Y., Kunioka, T., Akaoka, K., and Nakamura, J.: Development and evaluation of ozone detection paper, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 135, 575–580, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.09.016">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.09.016</a>, 2009.

Mathieu, Y., Tzanis, L., Soulard, M., Patarin, J., Vierling, M., and Molière, M.: Adsorption of SOx by oxide materials: A review, Fuel Proc. Technol., 114, 81–100, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.019">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.019</a>, 2013.

Matsuguchi, M., Kadowaki, Y., and Tanaka, M.: A QCM-based NO2 gas detector using morpholine-functional cross-linked copolymer coatings, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 108, 572–575, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.11.044">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.11.044</a>, 2005.

Mattoli, V., Mazzolai, B., Raffa, V., Mondini, A., and Dario, P.: Design of a new real-time dosimeter to monitor personal exposure to elemental gaseous mercury, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 123, 158–167, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.08.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.08.004</a>, 2007.

Moos, R., Geupel, A., Visser, J. H., and Kubinski, D. J.: Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Detektion einer Menge einer Gaskomponente, German Patent Application, DE 10 2010 023 523 A1, 2010.

Moos, R., Beulertz, G., Geupel, A., Visser, J. H., and Kubinski, D. J.: Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Detektion der Menge und der Konzentration einer Gaskomponente, German Patent Application, DE 10 2012 206 788 A1, 2012.

Mubeen, S., Lai, M., Zhang, T., Lim, J.-H., Mulchandani, A., Deshusses, M. A., and Myung, N. V.: Hybrid tin oxide-SWNT nanostructures based gas sensor, Electrochimica Acta, 92, 484–490, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.029">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.029</a>, 2013.

Mukherjee, K., Gaur, A. P. S., and Majumder, S. B.: Investigations on irreversible- and reversible-type gas sensing for ZnO and Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 chemi-resistive sensors, J. Phys. D: Applied Physics, 45, 505306, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/45/50/505306">https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/45/50/505306</a>, 2012.

Nieuwenhuizen, M. S. and Harteveld, J. L. N.: Studies on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) dosimeter sensor for organophosphorous nerve agents, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 40, 167–173, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(97)80257-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(97)80257-2</a>, 1997.

Ochs, T., Schittenhelm, H., Genssle, A., and Kamp, B.: Particulate matter sensor for on board diagnostics (OBD) of diesel particulate filters (DPF), SAE paper 2010-01-0307, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0307">https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0307</a>, 2010.

Ong, K. G., Zeng, K, and Grimes, C. A.: A Wireless, Passive Carbon Nanotube-Based Gas Sensor, IEEE Sensors Journal, 2, 82–88, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2002.1000247">https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2002.1000247</a>, 2002.

Padilla, M., Perera, A., Montoliu, I., Chaudry, A., Persaud, K., and Marco, S.: Drift compensation of gas sensor array data by Orthogonal Signal Correction, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 100, 28–35, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2009.10.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2009.10.002</a>, 2010.

Padma, N., Joshi, A., Singh, A., Deshpande, S. K., Aswal, D. K., Gupta, S. K., and Yakhmi, J. V.: NO2 sensors with room temperature operation and long term stability using copper phthalocyanine thin films, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 143, 246–252, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.07.044">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.07.044</a>, 2009.

Rettig, F., Moos, R., and Plog, C.: Sulfur adsorber for thick-film exhaust gas sensors, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 93, 36–42, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00334-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(03)00334-4</a>, 2003.

Reyes, L. F., Hoel, A., Saukko, S., Heszler, P., Lantto, V., and Granqvist, C. G.: Gas sensor response of pure and activated WO3 nanoparticle films made by advanced reactive gas deposition, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 117, 128–134, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.11.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.11.008</a>, 2006.

Roadman, M. J., Scudlark, J. R., Meisinger, J. J., and Ullman, W. J.: Validation of Ogawa passive samplers for the determination of gaseous ammonia concentrations in agricultural settings, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2317–2325, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00163-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00163-8</a>, 2003.

Rodríguez-González, L. and Simon, U.: NH3-TPD measurements using a zeolite-based sensor, Measurement Science and Technology, 21, 027003, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/027003">https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/2/027003</a>, 2010.

Rodríguez-González, L., Rodríguez-Castellón, E., Jiménez-López, A., and Simon, U.: Correlation of TPD and impedance measurements on the desorption of NH3 from zeolite H-ZSM-5, Solid State Ionics, 179, 1968–1973, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.06.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.06.007</a>, 2008.

Rossé, G., Raoult, F., and Fortin, B.: Regeneration of CdSe Thin Films After Oxygen Chemisorption, Thin Solid Films, 111, 175–181, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(84)90485-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(84)90485-1</a>, 1984.

Sahner, K., Hagen, G., Schönauer, D., Reiß, S., and Moos, R.: Zeolites – Versatile materials for gas sensors, Solid State Ionics, 179, 2416–2423, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.08.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.08.012</a>, 2008.

Sasaki, D. Y., Singh, S., Cox, J. D, and Pohl, P. I.: Fluorescence detection of nitrogen dioxide with perylene/PMMA thin films, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 72, 51–55, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00632-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00632-8</a>, 2001.

Sauerwald, T., Hennemann, J., Kohl, C.-D., Wagner, T., and Russ, S.: H2S detection utilizing percolation effects in copper oxide, in: Proceedings of Sensor 2013, Nuremberg, Germany, 14–16 May 2013, E6.4, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/sensor2013/E6.4">https://doi.org/10.5162/sensor2013/E6.4</a>, 2013.

Schütze, A., Pieper, N., and Zacheja, J.: Quantitative ozone measurement using a phthalocyanine thin-film sensor and dynamic signal evaluation, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 23, 215–217, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)01281-L">https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)01281-L</a>, 1995.

Seethapathy, S., Górecki, T., and Li, X.: Passive sampling in environmental analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 1184, 234–253, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.070">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.070</a>, 2008.

Semancik, S., Cavicchi, R. E., Wheeler, M. C., Tiffany, J. E., Poirier, G. E., Walton, R. M., Suehle, J. S., Panchapakesan, B., and DeVoe, D. L.: Microhotplate platforms for chemical sensor research, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 77, 579–591, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(01)00695-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(01)00695-5</a>, 2001.

Shu, J. H.: Passive Chemiresistor Sensor Based on Iron (II) Phthalocyanine Thin Films for Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide, Dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama/USA, 13 December 2010.

Shu, J. H., Wikle, H. C., and Chin, B. A.: Passive chemiresistor sensor based on iron (II) phthalocyanine thin films for monitoring of nitrogen dioxide, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 148, 498–503, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.05.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.05.017</a>, 2010.

Shu, J. H., Wikle, H. C., and Chin, B. A.: Passive Detection of Nitrogen Dioxide Gas by Relative Resistance Monitoring of Iron (II) Phthalocyanine Thin Films, IEEE Sensors Journal, 11, 56–61, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2010.2051024">https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2010.2051024</a>, 2011.

Simon, I., Bârsan, N., Bauer, M., and Weimar, U.: Micromachined metal oxide gas sensors: opportunities to improve sensor performance, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 73, 1–26, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00639-0">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00639-0</a>, 2001.

Simon, U., Flesch, U., Maunz, W., Müller, R., and Plog, C.: The effect of NH3 on the ionic conductivity of dehydrated zeolites Na beta and H beta, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 21, 111–116, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(97)00056-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(97)00056-5</a>, 1998.

Simons, T. and Simon, U.: Zeolite H-ZSM-5: A Microporous Proton Conductor for the in situ Monitoring of DeNOx-SCR, in: Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Spring Meeting 2011, 1330, San Francisco, California/USA, 25–29 April 2011, mrss11-1330-j01-03-k03-03, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.1337">https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.1337</a>, 2011.

Simons, T. and Simon, U.: Zeolites as nanoporous, gas-sensitive materials for in situ monitoring of DeNOx-SCR, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 3, 667–673, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.76">https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.76</a>, 2012.

Sircar, A., Mallik, B., and Misra, T. N.: Effect of Adsorption of Vapours on the Electrical Conductivity of a Series of Some Naphthyl Polyenes: Adsorption and Desorption Kinetics, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 44, 401–405, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(83)90067-7">https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(83)90067-7</a>, 1983.

Small IV, W., Maitland, D. J., Wilson, T. S., Bearinger, J. P., Letts, S. A., and Trebes, J. E.: Development of a prototype optical hydrogen gas sensor using a getter-doped polymer transducer for monitoring cumulative exposure: Preliminary results, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 139, 375–379, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.03.020">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.03.020</a>, 2009.

Stamires, D. N.: Effect of Adsorbed Phases on the Electrical Conductivity of Synthetic Crystalline Zeolites, J. Chem. Phys., 36, 3174–3181, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1732446">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1732446</a>, 1962.

Tamaki, J., Fujimori, K., Miura, N., and Yamazoe, N.: Sensing characteristics of semiconductor barium carbonate sensor to nitrogen oxides at elevated temperature, in: Proceedings of the 2nd East Asian Conference on Chemical Sensors, Xian, China, 5–8 October 1995, 1995.

Tanaka, T., Ohyama, T., Maruo, Y. Y., and Hayashi, T.: Coloration reactions between NO2 and organic compounds in porous glass for cumulative gas sensor, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 47, 65–69, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(98)00051-3">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(98)00051-3</a>, 1998.

Tanaka, T., Guilleux, A., Ohyama, T., Maruo, Y. Y., and Hayashi, T.: A ppb-level NO2 gas sensor using coloration reactions in porous glass, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 56, 247–253, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00185-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00185-9</a>, 1999.

Ulrich, M., Bunde, A., and Kohl, C.-D.: Percolation and gas sensitivity in nanocrystalline metal oxide films, Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 242–244, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1769071">https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1769071</a>, 2004.

Varghese, O. K., Kichambre, P. D., Gong, D., Ong, K. G., Dickey, E. C., and Grimes, C. A.: Gas sensing characteristics of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 81, 32–41, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(01)00923-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(01)00923-6</a>, 2001.

Varshney, C. K. and Singh, A. P.: Passive Samplers for NOx Monitoring: A Critical Review, The Environmentalist, 23, 127–136, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024883620408">https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024883620408</a>, 2003.

Wagner, T., Haffer, S., Weinberger, C., Klaus, D., and Tiemann, M.: Mesoporous materials as gas sensors, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 4036–4053, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35379b">https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35379b</a>, 2013.

Weigl, M., Roduner, C., and Lauer, T.: Particle-Filter-Onboard-Diagnosis by Means of a Soot-Sensor Downstream of the Particle-Filter, in: Proceedings of the 6th International Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum, Ludwigsburg, Germany, 9–10 March 2010, 62–69, 2010.

Williams, D. E.: Semiconducting oxides as gas-sensitive resistors, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 57, 1–16, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00133-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00133-1</a>, 1999.

Yamazoe, N.: Toward innovations of gas sensor technology, Sensor. Actuator. B: Chemical, 108, 2–14, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.12.075">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.12.075</a>, 2005.

Yamazoe, N. and Shimanoe, K.: Overview of Gas Sensor Technology, in: Science and Technology of Chemiresistor Gas Sensors, edited by: Aswal, D. K. and Gupta, S. K., Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2007.

Yamazoe, N., Fuchigami, J., Kishikawa, M., and Seiyama, T.: Interactions of Tin Oxide Surface with O2, H2O and H2, Surface Science, 86, 335–344, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(79)90411-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(79)90411-4</a>, 1979.

Yamazoe, N., Sakai, G., and Shimanoe, K.: Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors, Catalysis Surveys from Asia, 7, 63–75, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023436725457">https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023436725457</a>, 2003.