Articles | Volume 12, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-175-2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-175-2023
Regular research article
 | 
06 Jun 2023
Regular research article |  | 06 Jun 2023

Investigation of the degree of cross-linking of polyethylene and thermosets using absolute optical spectroscopy and Raman microscopy

Florian Bergmann, Norbert Halmen, Claudia Scalfi-Happ, Dominik Reitzle, Alwin Kienle, Linda Mittelberg, Benjamin Baudrit, Thomas Hochrein, and Martin Bastian

Cited articles

Bergmann, F., Foschum, F., Zuber, R., and Kienle, A.: Precise determination of the optical properties of turbid media using an optimized integrating sphere and advanced Monte Carlo simulations. Part 2: Experiments, Appl. Optics, 59, 3216–3226, 2020. a, b, c, d
Case, K . and Zweifel, P. F.: Existence and uniqueness theorems for the neutron transport equation, J. Math. Phys., 4, 1376–1385, 1963. a
DIN: Pipes and fittings made of crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X) – Estimation of the degree of crosslinking by determination of the gel content (ISO 10147:2011), DIN, 2012. a, b
DIN: Plastics – Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) – Part 5: Determination of characteristic reaction-curve temperatures and times, enthalpy of reaction and degree of conversion (ISO 11357-5:2014), DIN, July 2014. a
DIN: Plastics – Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) – Part 3: Determination of temperature and enthalpy of melting and crystallization (ISO 11357-3:2018), DIN, July 2018.  a, b
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Short summary
In this work, the determination of the degree of cross-linking was investigated using absolute optical measurements with an integrating sphere and Raman spectroscopy. PE-Xc, on the basis of HDPE and UHMWPE and various thermosets, was examined. Laboratory methods (e.g. wet chemical analysis, DSC, and DEA) were used for comparison. A good correlation of the results of the optical methods with those of the laboratory methods could be shown and serves as a basis for further investigations.
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