Articles | Volume 15, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-15-115-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-15-115-2026
Regular research article
 | 
01 Jul 2026
Regular research article |  | 01 Jul 2026

Three-dimensional density field reconstruction of vehicle exhaust plumes using 3D gas schlieren imaging sensor system for remote emission sensing applications

Hafiz Hashim Imtiaz, Thomas Forstinger, Paul Schaffer, Martin Kupper, and Alexander Bergmann

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Cited articles

Amjad, S., Karami, S., Soria, J., and Atkinson, C.: Assessment of three-dimensional turbulent density measurements from tomographic background-oriented schlieren, Meas. Sci. Technol., 31, 114002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab955a, 2020. 
Amjad, S., Soria, J., and Atkinson, C.: Three-dimensional density measurements of a heated jet using laser-speckle tomographic background-oriented schlieren, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 142, 110819, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110819, 2023. 
Andersen, A. H. and Kak, A. C.: Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART): A superior implementation of the ART algorithm, Ultrason. Imaging, 6, 81–94, https://doi.org/10.1177/016173468400600107, 1984. 
Atcheson, B., Heidrich, W., and Ihrke, I.: An evaluation of optical flow algorithms for background oriented schlieren imaging, Exp. Fluids, 45, 311–323, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-008-0572-7, 2008. 
Bainschab, M., Schriefl, M. A., and Bergmann, A.: Particle number measurements within periodic technical inspections: A first quantitative assessment of the influence of size distributions and the fleet emission reduction, Atmos. Environ. X, 8, 100095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100095, 2020. 
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Short summary
We present a 3D gas schlieren imaging sensor (3D-GSIS) for reconstructing vehicle exhaust plume density fields. It estimates plume size, laser absorption path lengths, intersection points of lasers, and local densities. Combined with advanced remote emission sensing, it enables direct measurement of pollutant concentrations in exhaust plumes.
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