Articles | Volume 13, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-263-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-263-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular research article
| 
11 Dec 2024
Regular research article |
| 11 Dec 2024
| 11 Dec 2024
A concept for sensor system developments using raw-milk monitoring as a case study
Maximilian Koehne
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany
Department of Systems Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
Michael Henfling
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, 80686 Munich, Germany
Institute of Physics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
Leistungszentrum “Sichere und intelligente Systeme” – LZSiS, 80686 Munich, Germany
Kristina Amtmann
Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Andreas Stenzel
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany
Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Andrea Buettner
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany
Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Sabine Trupp
Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT, 80686 Munich, Germany
Institute of Physics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
Leistungszentrum “Sichere und intelligente Systeme” – LZSiS, 80686 Munich, Germany
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany
Tilman Sauerwald
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, 85354 Freising, Germany
Department of Systems Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
Related authors
Maximilian Koehne, Christopher Schmidt, Satnam Singh, Andreas Grasskamp, Tilman Sauerwald, and Gina Zeh
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023, 2023
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Continuous inspection of gases is increasingly important for process monitoring, like fruit ripening. This involves the detection of individual markers in complex gas mixtures, e.g., to indicate spoilage. Unfortunately, classical techniques are lab-bound and resource-intensive. Hence, small, low-cost systems are being developed. Thereto, we propose a sensor system, containing a non-heated gas separation unit and gas sensors combined with a compensation of surrounding temperature effects.
Maximilian Koehne, Christopher Schmidt, Satnam Singh, Andreas Grasskamp, Tilman Sauerwald, and Gina Zeh
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023, 2023
Short summary
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Continuous inspection of gases is increasingly important for process monitoring, like fruit ripening. This involves the detection of individual markers in complex gas mixtures, e.g., to indicate spoilage. Unfortunately, classical techniques are lab-bound and resource-intensive. Hence, small, low-cost systems are being developed. Thereto, we propose a sensor system, containing a non-heated gas separation unit and gas sensors combined with a compensation of surrounding temperature effects.
Andreas T. Grasskamp, Satnam Singh, Helen Haug, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 93–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-93-2023, 2023
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In this work, we have developed and validated a semi-automatic approach that greatly reduces the amount of interaction and effort needed for analyzing samples via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Further, unlike many other approaches, our developed tool is accessible to the novice and does not require any programming experience. Using whisky as an example substance, we show how the analysis method compares to conventional software, and we validate our approach against that.
Tobias Baur, Manuel Bastuck, Caroline Schultealbert, Tilman Sauerwald, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-411-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-411-2020, 2020
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Applications like air quality, fire detection and detection of explosives require selective and quantitative measurements in an ever-changing background of interfering gases. One main issue hindering the successful implementation of gas sensors in real-world applications is the lack of appropriate calibration procedures for advanced gas sensor systems. This article presents a calibration scheme for gas sensors based on gas profiles with unique randomized gas mixtures.
Caroline Schultealbert, Iklim Uzun, Tobias Baur, Tilman Sauerwald, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 283–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-283-2020, 2020
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We present a work on gas sensors that can for example be used for the assessment of indoor air quality. These sensors suffer from deterioration by siloxanes, so we investigated these effects by a distinct operation mode and exposition to this gas that allows us to interpret different reactions on the sensor surface. We found that all processes on the sensor surface are slowed down by this treatment and a self-compensation by the evaluation of oxygen adsorption processes is likely to be found.
Marius Rodner, Manuel Bastuck, Andreas Schütze, Mike Andersson, Joni Huotari, Jarkko Puustinen, Jyrki Lappalainen, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 261–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-261-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-261-2019, 2019
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To fulfil today's requirements, gas sensors have to become more and more sensitive and selective. In this work, we present a novel method to significantly enhance the effect of gate bias on the response of a SiC field-effect transistor by placing a lithium-doped tungsten oxide film beneath the gate. This enhancement, compared to undoped samples, opens new perspectives for static and transient signal generation, e.g. gate bias-cycled operation, and, thus, increasing sensitivity and selectivity.
Henrik Lensch, Manuel Bastuck, Tobias Baur, Andreas Schütze, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 161–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-161-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-161-2019, 2019
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The measurement of humidity in industrial applications is still an important research issue. Especially under rough operation conditions the current humidity sensor comes to its limitations. To this end, we are developing an integrated sensor system using a metal oxide sensor with impedance spectroscopy as multi-signal generation allowing the discrimination of humidity and reducing gases. The submitted paper focuses on the modeling of the humidity-dependent aspects of impedance.
Tobias Baur, Caroline Schultealbert, Andreas Schütze, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 411–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-411-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-411-2018, 2018
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A novel method for the detection of short pulses of gas at very low concentrations is presented. Applying the method to a doped SnO2 detector, gas pulses down to a dosage of 1 ppb times seconds can be detected. The gas transport inside the detector is simulated using the finite element method (FEM) to optimize the gas transport and to keep response and recovery time as short as possible. With this approach, we have demonstrated a detection limit for ethanol below 47 fg.
Tilman Sauerwald, Tobias Baur, Martin Leidinger, Wolfhard Reimringer, Laurent Spinelle, Michel Gerboles, Gertjan Kok, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, 2018
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For detection of benzene, a multichannel gas sensor system was tested in two different laboratories at the concentration range from 0.5 ppb up to 10 ppb. A model is used to extract the channels and multilinear regression is done to compensate cross interference to other gases. Depending on the measurement conditions, the quantification accuracy is between ±0.2 ppb and ±2 ppb. Regression models for one laboratory were transferable between the labs under comparable measurement conditions.
Martin Leidinger, Joni Huotari, Tilman Sauerwald, Jyrki Lappalainen, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, 2016
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For the application of indoor air quality monitoring, two types of tungsten oxide gas sensor layers were prepared via pulsed laser deposition. Analysis of the structure of the produced layers showed that they consist of nanoparticles and agglomerates of nanoparticles. The sensors showed significant sensitivity and selectivity towards naphthalene in the ppb concentration range. The results were achieved using temperature cycled operation of the sensors and pattern recognition signal treatment.
M. Schüler, T. Sauerwald, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 305–311, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-305-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-305-2015, 2015
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We study the effect of HMDSO vapor on an SnO2-based gas sensor in temperature cycled operation (TCO). The poisoning can be quantified at early stages with a resolution of ±85 ppm*min using TCO. This approach provides a simple method for early detection of HMDSO poisoning.
The stability of gas discrimination by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) can be improved using normalization, which in turn facilitates a more accurate determination of the poisoning state by hierarchical LDA discrimination.
M. Leidinger, T. Sauerwald, W. Reimringer, G. Ventura, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 253–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014, 2014
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An approach for detecting hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ppb and sub-ppb concentrations is presented. Using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors in temperature cycled operation, VOCs in trace concentrations are successfully identified against a varying ethanol background of up to 2 ppm. For signal processing, linear discriminant analysis is applied to single sensor data and sensor fusion data. Integrated gas sensor systems using the same MOS sensors were characterized.
M. Schüler, T. Sauerwald, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 213–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-213-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-213-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Applications: Production measurement technology
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Enabling the use of digital calibration certificates in industrial calibration management systems
Characterization of sand and sand–binder systems from the foundry industry with electrical impedance spectroscopy
Model-based analysis of constructional steel structures exemplified by dimensional checking on railway car shells using 3D scanning
HoloPort – design and integration of a digital holographic 3-D sensor in machine tools
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An SQP method for Chebyshev and hole-pattern fitting with geometrical elements
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Looking at the future of manufacturing metrology: roadmap document of the German VDI/VDE Society for Measurement and Automatic Control
Gregor Scholz, Ling Yang, Markus Schake, and Ines Fortmeier
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 89–97, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-89-2024, 2024
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Interferometric form measurement methods display ambiguities between certain form errors and the misalignment of measurement specimens. In this work, we present a concept for improving the accuracy of the form measurement of aspheres and freeform surfaces with a tilted-wave interferometer by introducing absolute distance measurements using a white light interferometer. A description of the laboratory setup and the corresponding data analysis is given together with first distance measurements.
Tuukka Mustapää, Sami Koskinen, Mikael Sundfors, Joakim Jonsson, Kennet Riska, Lasse Löytynoja, and Jan-Anders Broo
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-71-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-71-2024, 2024
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This paper presents a conceptual approach for enhancing the communications between different calibration systems in a calibration ecosystem and enabling data exchange based on the digital calibration certificate (DCC) using the Beamex calibration ecosystem as an example. The presented system architecture concept introduces data exchange and DCC services that would allow the exchange of calibration data between the Beamex ecosystem and third-party systems.
Luca Bifano, Alice Fischerauer, Alfred Liedtke, and Gerhard Fischerauer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 43–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-43-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-43-2021, 2021
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This paper deals with the electrical investigation of various sand mixtures used in foundries for mold and core production. It is possible to classify various molding sand mixtures reproducibly on the basis of their electrical characteristics. This knowledge can now be used to develop measurement systems for processes in the foundry industry and thus increase product quality. In addition, resources can be conserved, and functioning closed-loop systems can be integrated into foundry processes.
Uwe Jurdeczka
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 109–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-109-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-109-2020, 2020
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The analysis of constructional steel structures (such as car shells for rail vehicles) in terms of (i) dimensional checking according to DIN 25043-2:2012 and (ii) completeness checking represents a challenge. The use of 3D scanners is combined with using an adapted algorithm; the respective 3D model as the target state is superimposed with difference images. These difference images show possible dimensional deviations as well as possible missing parts or, at the least, suspect points.
Tobias Seyler, Johannes Engler, Tobias Beckmann, Markus Fratz, Alexander Bertz, and Daniel Carl
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 33–41, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-33-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-33-2020, 2020
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We present a digital holographic sensor system that is capable of measuring the complete topography of machined components with sub-micrometer precision directly inside a tooling machine. This contribution includes detailed information about the architecture of the wireless interferometric sensor HoloPort. Experimental results on milled parts show the performance of the system and illustrate possible inline applications as well as future perspectives for the sensor.
Dmytro Sumin and Rainer Tutsch
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 609–620, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-609-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-609-2018, 2018
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This research work suggests a method for thermal effects' compensation during the linear measurements of objects without actual temperature measurements.
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Daniel Hutzschenreuter, Frank Härtig, and Markus Schmidt
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 57–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-57-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-57-2018, 2018
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The work proposes a fast and accurate algorithm for the calculation of geometrical shapes and fits in three-dimensional product measurement applications. The algorithm is presented in detail. Furthermore, test calculations are made for an assembly simulation with a flange ring. The research was founded by the federal agency of economic affairs and energy of Germany within the scope of the technology transfer program MNPQ-Transfer.
Norbert Halmen, Christoph Kugler, Eduard Kraus, Benjamin Baudrit, Thomas Hochrein, and Martin Bastian
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 21–30, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-21-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-21-2018, 2018
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The degree of cross-linking and curing is an important value concerning the quality of cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and the functionality of adhesives and resin-based components. During this work the possibility of using single-sided NMR for the determination of this value in a non-destructive and much faster way than with the time-consuming standard laboratory measurements was shown. In addition, the usability of the measurement method for process quality control was investigated.
Mridusmita Sarma, Florian Borchers, Gerrit Dumstorff, Carsten Heinzel, and Walter Lang
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 331–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-331-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-331-2017, 2017
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In this work, we measured strain during a cylindrical grinding process in real time and in situ during the process. For this, we integrated strain sensors in a standard workpiece using microfabrication technology and performed grinding experiments on the so-called sensorial workpiece to characterize the manufacturing process. The approach can be used for measuring strain and temperature in other manufacturing processes, to characterize them.
Norbert Halmen, Christoph Kugler, Thomas Hochrein, Peter Heidemeyer, and Martin Bastian
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 9–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-9-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-9-2017, 2017
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An ultrasound process tomography system has been developed, which enables the imaging of the local filler distribution in plastic melts. The objects investigated were extruded rods made of polypropylene (PP) with radial filler gradients. During extrusion, sound velocity and attenuation of the plastic melt were determined and processed via a modified reconstruction algorithm according to Radon transform into 2-D sectional images.
J. Berthold and D. Imkamp
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-1-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-1-2013, 2013
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Short summary
Continuous quality monitoring has become increasingly important in industrial processes, such as raw-milk monitoring. This can often be achieved by detecting individual process markers in the gas phase, which requires inexpensive analytical systems. Therefore, an easy-to-implement three-step concept has been developed that aims to bring together the chemical–analytical and sensor–technical sides. This concept is designed to be applicable in a wide variety of cases and to a range of sensors.
Continuous quality monitoring has become increasingly important in industrial processes, such as...
