Articles | Volume 13, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-41-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-41-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The River Runner: a low-cost sensor prototype for continuous dissolved greenhouse gas measurements
Martin Dalvai Ragnoli
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Related authors
No articles found.
Selin Kubilay, Edurne Estévez, José Barquín Ortiz, and Gabriel Singer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2772, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we studied how dams change the natural flow of rivers and their organic matter dynamics in Northern Spain. We found that in Atlantic rivers, natural rivers showed a higher turnover of organic material quality, which we believe is due to the interference of dams with the natural seasonal flow patterns. This suggests that Mediterranean rivers might be more resilient to flow regime alterations while Atlantic rivers lose their natural variability in organic material.
Jessica Droujko, Srividya Hariharan Sudha, Gabriel Singer, and Peter Molnar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 881–897, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined data from satellite images with data measured from a kayak in order to understand the propagation of fine sediment in the Vjosa River. We were able to find some storm-activated and some permanent sources of sediment. We also estimated how much fine sediment is carried into the Adriatic Sea by the Vjosa River: approximately 2.5 Mt per year, which matches previous findings. With our work, we hope to show the potential of open-access satellite images.
Clara Romero González-Quijano, Sonia Herrero Ortega, Peter Casper, Mark O. Gessner, and Gabriel A. Singer
Biogeosciences, 19, 2841–2853, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2841-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2841-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Despite today's diversity of methods to measure dissolved organic matter (DOM), its potential to give ecological information about urban surface waters has been underused. We found DOM from urban lakes and ponds to differ greatly from that of urban streams and rivers in composition as well as temporal turnover. Urban land use (the percentage of green space), nutrient supply and point source pollution were the principal drivers of DOM. We suggest including DOM composition in regular monitoring.
Bernhard Aichner, David Dubbert, Christine Kiel, Katrin Kohnert, Igor Ogashawara, Andreas Jechow, Sarah-Faye Harpenslager, Franz Hölker, Jens Christian Nejstgaard, Hans-Peter Grossart, Gabriel Singer, Sabine Wollrab, and Stella Angela Berger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1857–1867, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1857-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1857-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes were measured along transects and in the form of time series in northeastern German lakes. The spatial patterns within the data and their seasonal variability are related to morphological and hydrological properties of the studied lake systems. They are further useful for the understanding of biogeochemical and ecological characteristics of these lakes.
Related subject area
Applications: Environmental monitoring
Laboratory robustness validation of a humidity sensor system for the condition monitoring of grease-lubricated components for railway applications
An in-hive soft sensor based on phase space features for Varroa infestation level estimation and treatment need detection
A classification technique of civil objects by artificial neural networks using estimation of entropy on synthetic aperture radar images
Measure particulate matter by yourself: data-quality monitoring in a citizen science project
An autonomous flame ionization detector for emission monitoring
Gas sensors for climate research
Metal ion binding and tolerance of bacteria cells in view of sensor applications
Highly sensitive benzene detection with metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors – an inter-laboratory comparison
Homogenous static magnetic field coils dedicated to portable nuclear magnetic resonance for agronomic studies
In situ measurements of O2 and CO eq. in cement kilns
Scanning method for indoor localization using the RSSI approach
High-temperature CO / HC gas sensors to optimize firewood combustion in low-power fireplaces
Atmospheric transmission coefficient modelling in the infrared for thermovision measurements
Partially integrated cantilever-based airborne nanoparticle detector for continuous carbon aerosol mass concentration monitoring
Luminescent determination of nitrite traces in water solutions using cellulose as sorbent
Catalytic metal-gate field effect transistors based on SiC for indoor air quality control
Characterization of ash particles with a microheater and gas-sensitive SiC field-effect transistors
Catalytic and thermal characterisations of nanosized PdPt / Al2O3 for hydrogen detection
Selective detection of hazardous VOCs for indoor air quality applications using a virtual gas sensor array
Aerosol-deposited BaFe0.7Ta0.3O3-δ for nitrogen monoxide and temperature-independent oxygen sensing
A novel horizontal to vertical spectral ratio approach in a wired structural health monitoring system
Sensing of gaseous malodors characteristic of landfills and waste treatment plants
Krisztián Dubek, Christoph Schneidhofer, Nicole Dörr, and Ulrich Schmid
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 9–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-9-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-9-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new method for water detection in lubricated rail components is presented. It is based on a robust humidity sensor combined with robust data evaluation to determine the water content of greases. Based on a laboratory evaluation in the relevant environment, the presented approach offers an online monitoring tool to predict the water content of grease-lubricated rail parts, thereby enhancing the reliability and safety while reducing the maintenance costs and downtime of railway wagons.
Andreas König
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bees play a major role in our ecosystem and the human food supply chain. Numerous threats, from pesticides to parasites, endanger bees and possibly cause bee colony collapse. The Varroa mite is one major parasite, and its timely detection and treatment is a key task for beekeepers. Contemporary sensors, electronics, and AI/PR allow vital parameters of bee hives to be monitored. Recent gas sensors (e.g., SGP30 or BME680) allow continuous in-hive parameter and Varroa population monitoring.
Anton V. Kvasnov and Vyacheslav P. Shkodyrev
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 127–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have prepared an article that demonstrates one of the ways to recognize objects on the ground surface. This paper is a result of experimental data that were collected with unnamed aerial vehicles (UAVs) with synthetic aperture radar. Although UAV radar has a small monitoring area, we noted that such pictures can contain the steady features of the mutual arrangement between detected objects. We have constructed an artificial neural network that solves the tasks of group object recognition.
Aboubakr Benabbas, Martin Geißelbrecht, Gabriel Martin Nikol, Lukas Mahr, Daniel Nähr, Simon Steuer, Gabriele Wiesemann, Thomas Müller, Daniela Nicklas, and Thomas Wieland
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-317-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-317-2019, 2019
Jan Förster, Winfred Kuipers, Christian Lenz, Steffen Ziesche, and Franz Bechtold
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 67–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-67-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-67-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable detection of hydrocarbons can be achieved with a flame ionization detector (FID). However, these devices have not been implemented as true field devices yet. Miniaturization by using ceramic multilayer technology leads to a strong reduction of gas consumption and allows autonomous operation of the FID with gas supply by electrolysis. Thus, this research enables the use of the FID in the field. Characterization of this new FID reveals a performance comparable to conventional FIDs.
Louisa Scholz, Alvaro Ortiz Perez, Benedikt Bierer, Jürgen Wöllenstein, and Stefan Palzer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 535–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-535-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The availability of datasets providing information on the spatial and temporal evolution of greenhouse gas concentrations is of high relevance for the development of reliable climate simulations. Here we present a novel, non-dispersive infrared absorption spectroscopy (NDIR) device that can possibly act as a central building block of a sensor node to provide high-quality data of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations under field conditions at a high measurement rate.
Jonas Jung, Anja Blüher, Mathias Lakatos, and Gianaurelio Cuniberti
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 433–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-433-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-433-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the applicability of bacterial surface layer proteins of Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 and Sporosarcina ureae ATCC 13881 for the detection of metal ions in water. Based on the interactions of the cell components with metal complexes, two potential sensor systems, one colorimetric with functionalized gold nanoparticles and the other using a regenerative sensor layer, were developed. The systems' detection limits of YCl3 in water were 1.67 x 10−5 and 1 x 10−4 mol L−1, respectively.
Tilman Sauerwald, Tobias Baur, Martin Leidinger, Wolfhard Reimringer, Laurent Spinelle, Michel Gerboles, Gertjan Kok, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
For detection of benzene, a multichannel gas sensor system was tested in two different laboratories at the concentration range from 0.5 ppb up to 10 ppb. A model is used to extract the channels and multilinear regression is done to compensate cross interference to other gases. Depending on the measurement conditions, the quantification accuracy is between ±0.2 ppb and ±2 ppb. Regression models for one laboratory were transferable between the labs under comparable measurement conditions.
Rahima Sidi-Boulenouar, Ariston Reis, Eric Nativel, Simon Buy, Pauline de Pellegars, Pan Liu, Michel Zanca, Christophe Goze-Bac, Jérome Barbat, Eric Alibert, Jean-Luc Verdeil, Frédéric Gatineau, Nadia Bertin, Atma Anand, and Christophe Coillot
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 227–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-227-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-227-2018, 2018
Olga Driesner, Fred Gumprecht, and Ulrich Guth
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 327–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-327-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-327-2017, 2017
Ahmad Warda, Bojana Petković, and Hannes Toepfer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 247–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-247-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-247-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the problem of wireless indoor mobile robot localization and tracking using noise-free data and data with additive white Gaussian noise at three receiver positions. We proposed a new scanning method to overcome the drawbacks of fingerprint, which includes time-consuming construction of a database and its need for rebuilding every time a significant change in the environment occurs.
Binayak Ojha, Navas Illyaskutty, Jens Knoblauch, Muthu Raman Balachandran, and Heinz Kohler
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 237–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-237-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-237-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A novel combustion airstream control concept has been developed based on in situ sensors for combustion temperature, residual oxygen concentration and residual un-combusted CO / HC components. The implementation of this control concept allows for a large reduction in toxic gas emissions by up to 80 % compared to hand-operated furnaces. A stable long-term CO / HC sensor for such an application is not available; thus, the long-term sensor signal stability of different CO / HC sensors is studied.
W. Minkina and D. Klecha
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 17–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-17-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-17-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to discuss different models that describe atmospheric transmission in the infrared. They were compared in order to choose the most appropriate one for certain atmospheric conditions. Universal models and different inaccuracies connected with them were analysed in this paper. There have been models analysed from the literature, and these are used in infrared cameras.
H. S. Wasisto, S. Merzsch, E. Uhde, A. Waag, and E. Peiner
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 111–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-111-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-111-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of a low-cost partially integrated cantilever-based airborne nanoparticle (NP) detector (CANTOR-1) is evaluated in terms of its real-time measurement and robustness. The device is used for direct reading of exposure to airborne carbon engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in indoor workplaces.
S. G. Nedilko, S. L. Revo, V. P. Chornii, V. P. Scherbatskyi, and M. S. Nedielko
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 31–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-31-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-31-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Microcrystalline cellulose, microcrystalline nitrite powders of common formulae MNO2, (M = Na, K) and two-component materials (cellulose + nitrite) have been prepared and characterized by means of optical microscopy and luminescence spectroscopy.The method of determining the nitrite compound traces via their sorption by cellulose using luminescent properties of the NO2- molecular ion has been developed and the low limit of NaNO2 determination in water solution was evaluated as 0.035 mg/l.
D. Puglisi, J. Eriksson, C. Bur, A. Schuetze, A. Lloyd Spetz, and M. Andersson
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-1-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims at the development of high-performance and cost-efficient gas sensors for sensitive detection of three specific hazardous gases, i.e., formaldehyde, naphthalene, and benzene, commonly present in indoor environments in concentrations of health concern. We used silicon carbide field effect transistors to investigate the sensor performance and characteristics under different levels of relative humidity up to 60%, demonstrating excellent detection limits in the sub-ppb range.
C. Bur, M. Bastuck, A. Schütze, J. Juuti, A. Lloyd Spetz, and M. Andersson
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-305-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-305-2014, 2014
T. Mazingue, M. Lomello-Tafin, M. Passard, C. Hernandez-Rodriguez, L. Goujon, J.-L. Rousset, F. Morfin, and J.-F. Laithier
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 273–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-273-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-273-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
In this article, we propose detecting hydrogen (H2) traces at room temperature with nanostructured PdPt/Al2O3 catalysts. We measure the temperature rise during the exothermic oxidation of H2 by the catalyst. An appropriate formulation of about 1 mg of PdPt/Al2O3 leads to reversible thermal responses of 3°C in only 5 s. We show that this active material is a promising candidate for autonomous and reversible passive transducers for H2 sensors working at room temperature in explosive atmospheres.
M. Leidinger, T. Sauerwald, W. Reimringer, G. Ventura, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 253–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
An approach for detecting hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ppb and sub-ppb concentrations is presented. Using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors in temperature cycled operation, VOCs in trace concentrations are successfully identified against a varying ethanol background of up to 2 ppm. For signal processing, linear discriminant analysis is applied to single sensor data and sensor fusion data. Integrated gas sensor systems using the same MOS sensors were characterized.
M. Bektas, D. Hanft, D. Schönauer-Kamin, T. Stöcker, G. Hagen, and R. Moos
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 223–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-223-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-223-2014, 2014
F. P. Pentaris
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 145–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-145-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-145-2014, 2014
B. Fabbri, S. Gherardi, A. Giberti, V. Guidi, and C. Malagù
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 61–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-61-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-61-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Bastviken, D., Tranvik, L. J., Downing, J. A., Crill, P. M., and Enrich-Prast, A.: Freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sink, Science, 80, 331, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1196808, 2011. a
Bastviken, D., Sundgren, I., Natchimuthu, S., Reyier, H., and Gålfalk, M.: Technical Note: Cost-efficient approaches to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and concentrations in terrestrial and aquatic environments using mini loggers, Biogeosciences, 12, 3849–3859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3849-2015, 2015. a
Bastviken, D., Nygren, J., Schenk, J., Parellada Massana, R., and Duc, N. T.: Technical note: Facilitating the use of low-cost methane (CH4) sensors in flux chambers – calibration, data processing, and an open-source make-it-yourself logger, Biogeosciences, 17, 3659–3667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3659-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p
Beddows, P. A. and Mallon, E. K.: Cave pearl data logger: A flexible arduino-based logging platform for long-term monitoring in harsh environments, Sensors 2018, 18, 530, https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020530, 2018. a, b
Boulart, C., Connelly, D. P., and Mowlem, M. C.: Sensors and technologies for in situ dissolved methane measurements and their evaluation using Technology Readiness Levels, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 29, 186–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2009.12.001, 2010. a, b
Butman, D. and Raymond, P. A.: Significant efflux of carbon dioxide from streams and rivers in the United States, Nat. Geosci., 4, 839–842, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1294, 2011. a
Cole, J. J., Prairie, Y. T., Caraco, N. F., McDowell, W. H., Tranvik, L. J., Striegl, R. G., Duarte, C. M., Kortelainen, P., Downing, J. A., Middelburg, J. J., and Melack, J.: Plumbing the global carbon cycle: Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget, Ecosystems, 10, 171–184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8, 2007. a, b, c
Collier-Oxandale, A., Casey, J. G., Piedrahita, R., Ortega, J., Halliday, H., Johnston, J., and Hannigan, M. P.: Assessing a low-cost methane sensor quantification system for use in complex rural and urban environments, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 3569–3594, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3569-2018, 2018. a, b, c, d
Dalvai Ragnoli, M.: The River Runner: a low-cost sensor prototype for continuous dissolved greenhouse gas measurements, Figshare [code], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25055297, 2024. a, b
Dalvai Ragnoli, M., Schwingshackl, T., Kattus, S., Lissy, J., Weninger, E., and Singer, G.: Differential controls on CO2 and CH4 emissions from the free-flowing Neretva River, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Nat. Slov., 25, 213–237, https://doi.org/10.14720/ns.25.3.213-237, 2023. a, b, c, d
Dinsmore, K. J. and Billett, M. F.: Continuous measurement and modeling of CO2 losses from a peatland stream during stormflow events, Water Resour. Res., 44, 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007284, 2008. a
Dinsmore, K. J., Billett, M. F., and Moore, T. R.: Transfer of carbon dioxide and methane through the soil-water-atmosphere system at Mer Bleue peatland, Canada, Hydrol. Process., 23, 330–341, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7158, 2009. a
Drake, T. W., Raymond, P. A., and Spencer, R. G. M.: Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters: A current synthesis of estimates and uncertainty, Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett., 3, 132–142, https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10055, 2018. a, b, c
Duc, N. T., Silverstein, S., Lundmark, L., Reyier, H., Crill, P., and Bastviken, D.: Automated flux chamber for investigating gas flux at water-air interfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 968–975, https://doi.org/10.1021/es303848x, 2013. a
Flury, S. and Ulseth, A. J.: Exploring the Sources of Unexpected High Methane Concentrations and Fluxes From Alpine Headwater Streams, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6614–6625, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082428, 2019. a
Huotari, J., Haapanala, S., Pumpanen, J., Vesala, T., and Ojala, A.: Efficient gas exchange between a boreal river and the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5683–5686, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057705, 2013. a
Jähne, B., Heinz, G., and Dietrich, W.: Measurement of the diffusion coefficients of sparingly soluble gases in water, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 92, 10767–10776, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC10p10767, 1987. a
Johnson, M. S., Lehmann, J., Couto, E. G., Filho, J. P. N., and Riha, S. J.: DOC and DIC in flowpaths of Amazonian headwater catchments with hydrologically contrasting soils, Biogeochemistry, 81, 45–57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-006-9029-3, 2006. a, b
Johnson, M. S., Weiler, M., Couto, E. G., Riha, S. J., and Lehmann, J.: Storm pulses of dissolved CO2 in a forested headwater Amazonian stream explored using hydrograph separation, Water Resour. Res., 43, 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006359, 2007. a, b
Johnson, M. S., Billett, M. F., Dinsmore, K. J., Wallin, M., Dyson, K. E., and Jassal, R. S.: Direct and continuous measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide in freshwater aquatic systems—method and applications, Ecohydrology, 3, 68–78, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.95, 2010. a, b, c
Jørgensen, C. J., Mønster, J., Fuglsang, K., and Christiansen, J. R.: Continuous methane concentration measurements at the Greenland ice sheet–atmosphere interface using a low-cost, low-power metal oxide sensor system, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3319–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3319-2020, 2020. a, b, c
Leith, F. I., Dinsmore, K. J., Wallin, M. B., Billett, M. F., Heal, K. V., Laudon, H., Öquist, M. G., and Bishop, K.: Carbon dioxide transport across the hillslope–riparian–stream continuum in a boreal headwater catchment, Biogeosciences, 12, 1881–1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1881-2015, 2015. a
Lorke, A., Bodmer, P., Noss, C., Alshboul, Z., Koschorreck, M., Somlai-Haase, C., Bastviken, D., Flury, S., McGinnis, D. F., Maeck, A., Müller, D., and Premke, K.: Technical note: drifting versus anchored flux chambers for measuring greenhouse gas emissions from running waters, Biogeosciences, 12, 7013–7024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7013-2015, 2015. a
Maher, D. T., Drexl, M., Tait, D. R., Johnston, S. G., and Jeffrey, L. C.: IAMES: An Inexpensive, Automated Methane Ebullition Sensor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 6420–6426, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01881, 2019. a
Massman, W. J.: A review of the molecular diffusivities of H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, O3, SO2, NH3, N2O, NO, and NO2 in air, O2 and N2 near STP, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00391-9, 1998. a
Maxim Integrated: DS3231 RTC General Description, Tech. rep., https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/DS3231.pdf (last access: 11 December 2020), 2015. a
Paranaíba, J. R., Barros, N., Mendonça, R., Linkhorst, A., Isidorova, A., Roland, F., Almeida, R. M., and Sobek, S.: Spatially Resolved Measurements of CO2 and CH4 Concentration and Gas-Exchange Velocity Highly Influence Carbon-Emission Estimates of Reservoirs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 607–615, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05138, 2018. a
Raymond, P. A., Zappa, C. J., Butman, D., Bott, T. L., Potter, J., Mulholland, P., Laursen, A. E., Mcdowell, W. H., and Newbold, D.: Scaling the gas transfer velocity and hydraulic geometry in streams and small rivers, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Fluids and Environments, 2, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1215/21573689-1597669, 2012. a
Raymond, P. A., Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., Sobek, S., McDonald, C., Hoover, M., Butman, D., Striegl, R., Mayorga, E., Humborg, C., Kortelainen, P., Dürr, H., Meybeck, M., Ciais, P., and Guth, P.: Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters, Nature, 503, 355–359, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12760, 2013. a, b
Riddick, S. N., Mauzerall, D. L., Celia, M., Allen, G., Pitt, J., Kang, M., and Riddick, J. C.: The calibration and deployment of a low-cost methane sensor, Atmos. Environ., 230, 117440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117440, 2020. a, b, c
Rosentreter, J. A., Borges, A. V., Deemer, B. R., Holgerson, M. A., Liu, S., Song, C., Melack, J., Raymond, P. A., Duarte, C. M., Allen, G. H., Olefeldt, D., Poulter, B., Battin, T. I., and Eyre, B. D.: Half of global methane emissions come from highly variable aquatic ecosystem sources, Nat. Geosci., 14, 225–230, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00715-2, 2021. a
Saunois, M., Stavert, A. R., Poulter, B., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J. G., Jackson, R. B., Raymond, P. A., Dlugokencky, E. J., Houweling, S., Patra, P. K., Ciais, P., Arora, V. K., Bastviken, D., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Bruhwiler, L., Carlson, K. M., Carrol, M., Castaldi, S., Chandra, N., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P. M., Covey, K., Curry, C. L., Etiope, G., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Hegglin, M. I., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Hugelius, G., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Jensen, K. M., Joos, F., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Laruelle, G. G., Liu, L., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., McNorton, J., Miller, P. A., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Müller, J., Murguia-Flores, F., Naik, V., Niwa, Y., Noce, S., O'Doherty, S., Parker, R. J., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Regnier, P., Riley, W. J., Rosentreter, J. A., Segers, A., Simpson, I. J., Shi, H., Smith, S. J., Steele, L. P., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Tubiello, F. N., Tsuruta, A., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., Weber, T. S., van Weele, M., van der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R. F., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Yin, Y., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Zheng, B., Zhu, Q., Zhu, Q., and Zhuang, Q.: The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1561–1623, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020, 2020. a
Sensortec, B.: BME280 Combined humidity- and pressure Sensor, Final data sheet, https://doi.org/10.1007/5346_2011_7, 2015. a, b
Stanley, E. H., Casson, N. J., Christel, S. T., Crawford, J. T., Loken, L. C., and Oliver, S. K.: The ecology of methane in streams and rivers: patterns, controls, and global significance, Ecol. Monogr., 86, 146–171, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1027, 2016. a
Thanh Duc, N., Silverstein, S., Wik, M., Crill, P., Bastviken, D., and Varner, R. K.: Technical note: Greenhouse gas flux studies: an automated online system for gas emission measurements in aquatic environments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3417–3430, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3417-2020, 2020. a
van den Bossche, M., Rose, N. T., and De Wekker, S. F. J.: Potential of a low-cost gas sensor for atmospheric methane monitoring, Sensors Actuators, B Chem., 238, 501–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.07.092, 2017. a, b, c
Wilkinson, J., Bors, C., Burgis, F., Lorke, A., and Bodmer, P.: Measuring CO2 and CH4 with a portable gas analyzer: Closed-loop operation, optimization and assessment, PLoS One, 13, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193973, 2018. a, b
Xiao, S., Liu, L., Wang, W., Lorke, A., Woodhouse, J., and Grossart, H.-P.: A Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for continuous in situ measurement of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in water, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3871–3880, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3871-2020, 2020. a
Yoon, T. K., Jin, H., Oh, N.-H., and Park, J.-H.: Technical note: Assessing gas equilibration systems for continuous pCO2 measurements in inland waters, Biogeosciences, 13, 3915–3930, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3915-2016, 2016. a
Short summary
Greenhouse gas emissions from freshwaters are not well quantified on a global scale. Our prototype monitors aqueous concentrations of CH4 and CO2 at relevant timescales. Our low-cost design allows the application of replicated sensors to capture spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in dissolved gases in highly dynamic ecosystems, thereby addressing a major bottleneck in the reliable estimation of emissions. We provide a detailed prototype description and share software code.
Greenhouse gas emissions from freshwaters are not well quantified on a global scale. Our...