Articles | Volume 12, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development of a gas chromatography system coupled to a metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor, with compensation of the temperature effects on the column for the measurement of ethene
Maximilian Koehne
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
Department of Systems Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
Christopher Schmidt
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
Satnam Singh
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
Andreas Grasskamp
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
Tilman Sauerwald
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
Department of Systems Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Andreas T. Grasskamp, Satnam Singh, Helen Haug, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 93–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-93-2023, 2023
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In this work, we have developed and validated a semi-automatic approach that greatly reduces the amount of interaction and effort needed for analyzing samples via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Further, unlike many other approaches, our developed tool is accessible to the novice and does not require any programming experience. Using whisky as an example substance, we show how the analysis method compares to conventional software, and we validate our approach against that.
Tobias Baur, Manuel Bastuck, Caroline Schultealbert, Tilman Sauerwald, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-411-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-411-2020, 2020
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Applications like air quality, fire detection and detection of explosives require selective and quantitative measurements in an ever-changing background of interfering gases. One main issue hindering the successful implementation of gas sensors in real-world applications is the lack of appropriate calibration procedures for advanced gas sensor systems. This article presents a calibration scheme for gas sensors based on gas profiles with unique randomized gas mixtures.
Caroline Schultealbert, Iklim Uzun, Tobias Baur, Tilman Sauerwald, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 283–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-283-2020, 2020
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We present a work on gas sensors that can for example be used for the assessment of indoor air quality. These sensors suffer from deterioration by siloxanes, so we investigated these effects by a distinct operation mode and exposition to this gas that allows us to interpret different reactions on the sensor surface. We found that all processes on the sensor surface are slowed down by this treatment and a self-compensation by the evaluation of oxygen adsorption processes is likely to be found.
Marius Rodner, Manuel Bastuck, Andreas Schütze, Mike Andersson, Joni Huotari, Jarkko Puustinen, Jyrki Lappalainen, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 261–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-261-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-261-2019, 2019
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To fulfil today's requirements, gas sensors have to become more and more sensitive and selective. In this work, we present a novel method to significantly enhance the effect of gate bias on the response of a SiC field-effect transistor by placing a lithium-doped tungsten oxide film beneath the gate. This enhancement, compared to undoped samples, opens new perspectives for static and transient signal generation, e.g. gate bias-cycled operation, and, thus, increasing sensitivity and selectivity.
Henrik Lensch, Manuel Bastuck, Tobias Baur, Andreas Schütze, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 161–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-161-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-161-2019, 2019
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The measurement of humidity in industrial applications is still an important research issue. Especially under rough operation conditions the current humidity sensor comes to its limitations. To this end, we are developing an integrated sensor system using a metal oxide sensor with impedance spectroscopy as multi-signal generation allowing the discrimination of humidity and reducing gases. The submitted paper focuses on the modeling of the humidity-dependent aspects of impedance.
Tobias Baur, Caroline Schultealbert, Andreas Schütze, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 411–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-411-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-411-2018, 2018
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A novel method for the detection of short pulses of gas at very low concentrations is presented. Applying the method to a doped SnO2 detector, gas pulses down to a dosage of 1 ppb times seconds can be detected. The gas transport inside the detector is simulated using the finite element method (FEM) to optimize the gas transport and to keep response and recovery time as short as possible. With this approach, we have demonstrated a detection limit for ethanol below 47 fg.
Tilman Sauerwald, Tobias Baur, Martin Leidinger, Wolfhard Reimringer, Laurent Spinelle, Michel Gerboles, Gertjan Kok, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, 2018
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For detection of benzene, a multichannel gas sensor system was tested in two different laboratories at the concentration range from 0.5 ppb up to 10 ppb. A model is used to extract the channels and multilinear regression is done to compensate cross interference to other gases. Depending on the measurement conditions, the quantification accuracy is between ±0.2 ppb and ±2 ppb. Regression models for one laboratory were transferable between the labs under comparable measurement conditions.
Martin Leidinger, Joni Huotari, Tilman Sauerwald, Jyrki Lappalainen, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, 2016
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For the application of indoor air quality monitoring, two types of tungsten oxide gas sensor layers were prepared via pulsed laser deposition. Analysis of the structure of the produced layers showed that they consist of nanoparticles and agglomerates of nanoparticles. The sensors showed significant sensitivity and selectivity towards naphthalene in the ppb concentration range. The results were achieved using temperature cycled operation of the sensors and pattern recognition signal treatment.
M. Schüler, T. Sauerwald, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 305–311, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-305-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-305-2015, 2015
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We study the effect of HMDSO vapor on an SnO2-based gas sensor in temperature cycled operation (TCO). The poisoning can be quantified at early stages with a resolution of ±85 ppm*min using TCO. This approach provides a simple method for early detection of HMDSO poisoning.
The stability of gas discrimination by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) can be improved using normalization, which in turn facilitates a more accurate determination of the poisoning state by hierarchical LDA discrimination.
M. Leidinger, T. Sauerwald, W. Reimringer, G. Ventura, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 253–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014, 2014
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An approach for detecting hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ppb and sub-ppb concentrations is presented. Using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors in temperature cycled operation, VOCs in trace concentrations are successfully identified against a varying ethanol background of up to 2 ppm. For signal processing, linear discriminant analysis is applied to single sensor data and sensor fusion data. Integrated gas sensor systems using the same MOS sensors were characterized.
M. Schüler, T. Sauerwald, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 213–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-213-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-213-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Applications: Process control
Monitoring ammonia slip from large-scale selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems in combined heat and power generation applications with field effect gas sensors
In situ monitoring of used-sand regeneration in foundries by impedance spectroscopy
Double entry method for the verification of data a chromatography data system receives
A customized stand-alone photometric Raman sensor applicable in explosive atmospheres: a proof-of-concept study
Annular arrays for novel ultrasonic measurement techniques
Is it possible to detect in situ the sulfur loading of a fixed bed catalysts with a sensor?
Impedance spectroscopy characterization of an interdigital structure for continuous particle measurements in wood-driven heating systems
Detection of coatings within liquid-filled tubes and containers by mode conversion of leaky Lamb waves
Lida Khajavizadeh and Mike Andersson
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 235–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-235-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-235-2023, 2023
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This study concerns development and evaluation of a high-temperature-resilient ammonia sensor tailored for ammonia slip monitoring to improve NOx and NH3 emission reduction from coal-fuelled, biomass-fuelled, heat and power plants. In particular, by tuning the gas-sensitive materials' nanostructure, the interference from carbon monoxide in the ammonia measurement could be markedly reduced, thus allowing more accurate ammonia monitoring in the flue gas from a real combined heat and power plant.
Luca Bifano, Marco Weider, Alice Fischerauer, Gotthard Wolf, and Gerhard Fischerauer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 287–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-287-2022, 2022
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This work deals with process monitoring. In particular, the process of used-sand regeneration is monitored with the aid of impedance spectroscopy and can be controlled in the future with the measurement data obtained in this way. This results in the following aspects: a consistently high quality of the process material is realized by a controlled process. At the same time, energy consumption is minimized. The result is a process that is both more resource-efficient and more economical.
David Thomas Marehn, Detlef Wilhelm, Heike Pospisil, and Roberto Pizzoferrato
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 207–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-207-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-207-2019, 2019
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In the field of pharmacy using diagnostic techniques like liquid chromatography a correct data acquisition process has to be guaranteed. So it is necessary to verify provided data of the device using two software instances collecting the generated raw data synchronously as we have done by a self-written instance. That way we found modifications on incoming raw data like time shifts and not expected interpolations during the storage procedure of one of two tested chromatography software packages.
Marcel Nachtmann, Shaun Paul Keck, Frank Braun, Hanns Simon Eckhardt, Christoph Mattolat, Norbert Gretz, Stephan Scholl, and Matthias Rädle
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 543–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-543-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-543-2018, 2018
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This paper presents an explosion-proof two-channel Raman photometer designed for chemical process monitoring in hazardous explosive atmospheres. Due to its design, alignment of components is simplified and economic in comparison to spectrometer systems. The described embedded sensor is ideally suited as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for applications in environments with limitations on power input.
Mario Wolf, Elfgard Kühnicke, Sebastian Kümmritz, and Michael Lenz
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 373–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-373-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-373-2016, 2016
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The paper shows how the precise knowledge of the sound field of an ultrasonic annular array can contribute to the development of novel measurement techniques. It demonstrates the locally resolved measurement of sound velocity in fluids, simultaneous measurement of thickness, sound velocity of layers and curvature. To demonstrate the methods, the principles as well as results of simulations and measurements are discussed.
P. Fremerey, A. Jess, and R. Moos
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 143–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-143-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-143-2015, 2015
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A concept to measure in situ sulfidation of silica pellet catalysts loaded with nickel is evaluated. During sulfidation between 100 and 400°C nickel sulfides form. The electrical impedance of the pellets was recorded in situ. At first, the particles are highly insulating but during sulfidation their conductivity increases by decades. Since nickel sulfides are less conductive than nickel, the strong conductivity increase may be due to conducting percolation paths that form during sulfidation.
A. Weiss, M. Bauer, S. Eichenauer, E. A. Stadlbauer, and C.-D. Kohl
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 37–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-37-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-37-2015, 2015
M. Schmitt, K. Schmidt, S. Olfert, J. Rautenberg, G. Lindner, B. Henning, and L. M. Reindl
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 2, 73–84, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-73-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-73-2013, 2013
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Short summary
Continuous inspection of gases is increasingly important for process monitoring, like fruit ripening. This involves the detection of individual markers in complex gas mixtures, e.g., to indicate spoilage. Unfortunately, classical techniques are lab-bound and resource-intensive. Hence, small, low-cost systems are being developed. Thereto, we propose a sensor system, containing a non-heated gas separation unit and gas sensors combined with a compensation of surrounding temperature effects.
Continuous inspection of gases is increasingly important for process monitoring, like fruit...