Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-37-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-37-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular research article
| 
24 Feb 2021
Regular research article |
| 24 Feb 2021
| 24 Feb 2021
Impact of particle size and morphology of cobalt oxide on the thermal response to methane examined by thermal analysis
Olena Yurchenko
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM,
Georges-Koehler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of
Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Hans-Fridtjof Pernau
Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM,
Georges-Koehler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Laura Engel
Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM,
Georges-Koehler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Benedikt Bierer
Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM,
Georges-Koehler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Martin Jägle
Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM,
Georges-Koehler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Jürgen Wöllenstein
Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM,
Georges-Koehler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of
Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Benedikt Bierer, Dario Grgić, Olena Yurchenko, Laura Engel, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Martin Jägle, Leonhard Reindl, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 185–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-185-2021, 2021
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Detection of flammable gases is necessary to avoid explosive atmospheres. Commercial pellistors require an operation temperature above 450 °C for the detection of methane. We present a novel wireless low-power catalytic gas sensor system based on non-precious metal catalyst for the detection of methane and propane operated at 350 °C. The combination of a MEMS-based sensor with a low-power radio system provides the opportunity to monitor complex infrastructures without using a power grid.
Simon Gaßner, Simon Essing, David Tumpold, Katrin Schmitt, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 219–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-219-2024, 2024
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This article describes a small prototype sensor designed to sense carbon dioxide (CO2) levels for indoor air quality monitoring. The device uses a photoacoustic detector fabricated using a wafer-bonding process. This allows for high-volume production of the sensors. The prototype presented is small in size and can detect CO2 levels as low as 81 ppm with a response time of 53 s. Our results show suitability for application in indoor air quality control systems.
Armin Lambrecht, Carsten Bolwien, Hendrik Fuhr, Gerd Sulz, Annett Isserstedt-Trinke, André Magi, Steffen Biermann, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 123–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-123-2023, 2023
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Infrared spectroscopy is great for determining the composition of liquids. Combined with attenuated total reflection (ATR), one can just put the sample on the sensitive surface. We made a compact device with a diamond-coated silicon ATR crystal to protect the surface against aggressive fluids. Silicon crystal, light source and detector are hermetically sealed in a housing. Our tests show that the diamond coating enhanced the sensitivity compared to uncoated ATR elements as predicted by theory.
Max Bergau, Thomas Strahl, Benjamin Scherer, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 61–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-61-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-61-2023, 2023
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Imaging of greenhouse gases is of great interest due to global warming. A spectroscopic method, using an active illumination of the scene, is presented. It allows for imaging and concentration measurements of much smaller gas plumes and leaks than current state-of-the-art gas cameras (optical gas imaging cameras). A real-time camera is realized and validated using known methane concentrations.
Katrin Schmitt, Mara Sendelbach, Christian Weber, Jürgen Wöllenstein, and Thomas Strahl
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 37–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-37-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-37-2023, 2023
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We present a photoacoustic sensor enabling fast, inexpensive, and highly sensitive methane detection in environmental monitoring applications. Six different T-cell designs were both theoretically and experimentally investigated. The aim was to understand the photoacoustic signal generation and resonances in relation to the different cell geometries, and determine the long-term stability and the detection limits for methane. These were below the methane background concentration in air of 1.8 ppm.
Benedikt Bierer, Dario Grgić, Olena Yurchenko, Laura Engel, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Martin Jägle, Leonhard Reindl, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 185–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-185-2021, 2021
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Detection of flammable gases is necessary to avoid explosive atmospheres. Commercial pellistors require an operation temperature above 450 °C for the detection of methane. We present a novel wireless low-power catalytic gas sensor system based on non-precious metal catalyst for the detection of methane and propane operated at 350 °C. The combination of a MEMS-based sensor with a low-power radio system provides the opportunity to monitor complex infrastructures without using a power grid.
Thomas Strahl, Johannes Herbst, Eric Maier, Sven Rademacher, Christian Weber, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Armin Lambrecht, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-25-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-25-2021, 2021
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For safety, environmental and economic reasons, methane leak detection is one of the most requested tasks for gas measurement devices. This paper compares the performance of a laser-based optical and acoustical detection scheme at different wavelengths and laser types, respectively. This forms a good basis for further developments of methane leak detection devices or can help to choose the right configuration for a certain methane leak detection application.
Ralf E. Bernhardsgrütter, Christoph J. Hepp, Martin Jägle, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Katrin Schmitt, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 5–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-5-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-5-2021, 2021
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The selective catalytic reduction, an after-treatment method using diesel exhaust fluid (AdBlue), is needed to reduce the emissions of diesel combustion processes. It is crucial to monitor the diesel exhaust fluid. This article presents a platinum thin-film sensor using the 3-omega method to characterize the diesel exhaust fluid. The information about the concentration of urea in water can be extracted. The results show that this sensor can determine the urea content to within 1 % by weight.
Mahmoud El-Safoury, Christian Weber, Olaf Kiesewetter, Yvonne Hespos, André Eberhardt, Katrin Schmitt, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 89–97, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-89-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-89-2020, 2020
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The refrigerant R134a is classified as a greenhouse gas and was banned from use (in vehicles) by the European Union in 2017 due to its contribution to global warming. The more expensive alternative refrigerant R1234yf is considered an environmentally less harmful alternative owing to its significantly lower global warming potential. Our newly developed gas detector can detect both refrigerants separately and, thus, help prevent the use of illegal gas mixtures that contain both refrigerants.
Louisa Scholz, Alvaro Ortiz Perez, Benedikt Bierer, Jürgen Wöllenstein, and Stefan Palzer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 535–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-535-2018, 2018
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The availability of datasets providing information on the spatial and temporal evolution of greenhouse gas concentrations is of high relevance for the development of reliable climate simulations. Here we present a novel, non-dispersive infrared absorption spectroscopy (NDIR) device that can possibly act as a central building block of a sensor node to provide high-quality data of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations under field conditions at a high measurement rate.
Jochen Huber, Katrin Schmitt, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 293–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-293-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-293-2016, 2016
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A simulation model to predict system behaviour of photoacoustic CO2 sensors is presented. The sensor output signal that depends on the CO2 concentration can be simulated if the boundary conditions of the system are known. A comparison of simulated values with experimental results is made. There is good accordance between simulation and experiments. Photoacoustic gas sensors offer great potential for miniaturized gas sensors. The simulation model is an effective tool for further developments.
Related subject area
Sensor technologies: Sensor materials
Inverse procedure for measuring piezoelectric material parameters using a single multi-electrode sample
Impact of electrode conductivity on mass sensitivity of piezoelectric resonators at high temperatures
Improving the electrical and structural stability of highly piezoresistive nickel–carbon sensor thin films
Improvement of the performance of a capacitive relative pressure sensor: case of large deflections
Morphological characterization and porosity profiles of tantalum glancing-angle-deposited thin films
High-temperature stable piezoelectric transducers using epitaxially grown electrodes
AC characteristics of low-ohmic foil shunts influenced by eddy currents in the mounting body
Three-dimensional structural comparison of tantalum glancing angle deposition thin films by FIB-SEM
Quartz crystal microbalance coated with PEDOT–PSS/PVA nanofiber for a high-performance humidity sensor
Study of different magneto-optic materials for current sensing applications
Voltammetric sensor for electrochemical determination of the floral origin of honey based on a zinc oxide nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode
Embedded sensing: integrating sensors in 3-D printed structures
Granular metal–carbon nanocomposites as piezoresistive sensor films – Part 1: Experimental results and morphology
High-temperature stable indium oxide photonic crystals: transducer material for optical and resistive gas sensing
Effect of sintering temperature on adhesion of spray-on piezoelectric transducers
Correlation of BAW and SAW properties of langasite at elevated temperatures
Investigating the influence of Al-doping and background humidity on NO2 sensing characteristics of magnetron-sputtered SnO2 sensors
Ammonia storage studies on H-ZSM-5 zeolites by microwave cavity perturbation: correlation of dielectric properties with ammonia storage
Investigation of InAsSbP quantum dot mid-infrared sensors
Increasing the sensitivity of electrical impedance to piezoelectric material parameters with non-uniform electrical excitation
High-temperature piezoresistive C / SiOC sensors
Encapsulation of implantable integrated MEMS pressure sensors using polyimide epoxy composite and atomic layer deposition
Aerosol-assisted CVD synthesis, characterisation and gas-sensing application of gold-functionalised tungsten oxide
Electrophoretic deposition of Au NPs on CNT networks for sensitive NO2 detection
A catalytic combustion-type CO gas sensor incorporating aluminum nitride as an intermediate heat transfer layer for accelerated response time
Polymer composite based microbolometers
Leander Claes, Nadine Feldmann, Veronika Schulze, Lars Meihost, Henrik Kuhlmann, Benjamin Jurgelucks, Andrea Walther, and Bernd Henning
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 163–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-163-2023, 2023
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This article describes a method to measure the parameters of piezoelectric materials. This is done by evaluating the complex electrical resistance of a sample. However, the properties of the material can not be calculated directly from the electrical resistance. Instead, a simulation model of the sample is created, and the parameters of the simulation model are adapted using an optimisation algorithm until the model's resistance and the resistance of the physical sample match.
Sebastian Schlack, Hendrik Wulfmeier, and Holger Fritze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 299–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-299-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-299-2022, 2022
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High-temperature stable piezoelectric resonators are coated with oxide electrodes. The impact of the oxide electrode conductivity on the mass sensitivity and on the resonance frequency of the device is described by electrical and mechanical models, which are used to analyse the experimental data. Furthermore, the impact of an increasing oxide electrode conductivity is discussed with respect to the application of oxide electrodes and for gas sensing.
Günter Schultes, Mario Cerino, Angela Lellig, and Marcus Koch
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 137–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-137-2022, 2022
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We develop sensor material to effectively transform mechanical force or torque into an electrical resistance. A new type of thin films containing nickel and carbon has a significantly higher output and is thus very advantageous. But so far, the electrical resistance lacks stability. We therefore investigate how to stabilize the material and show that the partial replacement of nickel by the element chromium solves the problem. The optimized sensor films are now suitable for widespread use.
Samia Achouch, Fakhita Regragui, and Mourad Gharbi
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 401–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-401-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-401-2020, 2020
Tobias Ott and Gerald Gerlach
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 79–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-79-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-79-2020, 2020
Hendrik Wulfmeier, René Feder, Li Zhao, and Holger Fritze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 15–26, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-15-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-15-2020, 2020
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Epitaxially grown electrodes for high-temperature stable piezoelectric transducers are prepared by pulsed laser depostion. To adjust the stoichiometry in the films, oxygen partial pressure, target composition and deposition temperature are varied. Langasite films with enhanced conductivity are deposited, serving as electrodes for nearly monolithic piezoelectric resonators. These resonators show strong admittance maxima for their 1st, 3rd and 5th harmonics and are not affected by spurious modes.
Mario Schönecker-Baußmann
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 329–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-329-2019, 2019
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We came across some problems with the current measurement shunts while building a transfer normal power analyzer for 150 kHz within a cooperation project of the manufacturer ZES ZIMMER along with PTB, the National Metrology Institute of Germany and Bundesnetzagentur Berlin. We decided to utilize simulations with the numerical field simulation program Fast Henry to determine the cause of this frequency behavior. We found adequate justification and give recommendations for the shunt manufacturing.
Tobias Ott, Diego Roldán, Claudia Redenbach, Katja Schladitz, Michael Godehardt, and Sören Höhn
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-305-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-305-2019, 2019
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Thin tantalum films generated by glancing angle deposition serve as functional optical layers. Serial sectioning by a focused ion beam combined with scanning electron microscopy of the slices generates stacks of highly resolved images of this film. Dedicated image processing reconstructs the spatial structure such that 3-D image analysis yields geometric information that can be related to the optical performance.
Trisna Julian, Aditya Rianjanu, Shidiq Nur Hidayat, Ahmad Kusumaatmaja, Roto Roto, and Kuwat Triyana
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 243–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-243-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-243-2019, 2019
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High-performance relative humidity (RH) sensing system using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonate mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PEDOT–PSS/PVA) nanofiber coated on top of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) chip is developed. Results show that the sensor offers easy fabrication processes and provides excellent sensor characteristics to relative humidity sensing. It offers a very promising alternative method to fabricate high-performance relative humidity sensors.
Sarita Kumari and Sarbani Chakraborty
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 421–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-421-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-421-2018, 2018
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This article discusses the properties of different diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials for a basic current/magnetic field sensor system set up with different relative orientations of analyzers and polarizers. The paper analyzes a linearity range of different materials and their sensitivity for different wavelengths. Terbium doped glass, terbium gallium garnet, doped TGG and dense flint glass materials are used for analysis based on the Faraday rotation principle.
Kamalika Tiwari, Bipan Tudu, Rajib Bandyopadhyay, Anutosh Chatterjee, and Panchanan Pramanik
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 319–329, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-319-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-319-2018, 2018
Alexander Dijkshoorn, Patrick Werkman, Marcel Welleweerd, Gerjan Wolterink, Bram Eijking, John Delamare, Remco Sanders, and Gijs J. M. Krijnen
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 169–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-169-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-169-2018, 2018
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Current additive manufacturing allows for the implementation of electrically integrated 3-D printed sensors. In this contribution various technologies, sensing principles and applications are discussed. We will give both an overview of some of the sensors presented in literature as well as some of our own work on recent 3-D printed sensors.
Günter Schultes, Hanna Schmid-Engel, Silvan Schwebke, and Ulf Werner
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-1-2018, 2018
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This research is about future sensor devices for force, pressure, and weight. The core of such sensors for mechanical quantities is a thin film that reacts to deformation. We are developing new sensor films with higher output. Different compositions of metal containing carbon films are examined. Most preferable and stable films contain nickel and carbon. The microscopic film morphology is uncovered. Electron tunneling between nanoparticles is responsible for the very sensitive reaction.
Sabrina Amrehn, Xia Wu, and Thorsten Wagner
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 179–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-179-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-179-2016, 2016
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Indium oxide inverse opal is a promising new material for optical gas sensors. The photonic properties caused by the inverse opal structure can be utilized to read out the sensors’ electronical state by optical methods. The maintenance of good thermal stability of transducer material during operation is a minimum requirement. We present results on the synthesis and investigation of the structural stability of the In2O3 inverse opal structure up to a temperature of 550 °C (limit of substrate).
Kyle M. Sinding, Alison Orr, Luke Breon, and Bernhard R. Tittmann
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 113–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-113-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-113-2016, 2016
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This paper investigates the effect of high-temperature and low-temperature (< 150 °C) processing conditions on the surface composition of the substrate. Furthermore, the resultant transducers from high- and low-temperature fabrication processes are compared to determine if a low-temperature processing method is feasible. For these studies a sol-gel spray-on process is employed to deposit piezoelectric ceramics onto a stainless-steel 316L substrate.
M. Schulz, E. Mayer, I. Shrena, D. Eisele, M. Schmitt, L. M. Reindl, and H. Fritze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 331–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-331-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-331-2015, 2015
A. A. Haidry, N. Kind, and B. Saruhan
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 271–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-271-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-271-2015, 2015
M. Dietrich, D. Rauch, U. Simon, A. Porch, and R. Moos
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 263–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-263-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-263-2015, 2015
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The effect of stored ammonia on the complex dielectric permittivity of H-ZSM-5 zeolites with varying storage site density was observed between 200 and 300 °C under reaction conditions by microwave cavity perturbation. Polarization and dielectric losses were differently affected. The sensitivity of the polarization to stored ammonia is almost independent, the sensitivity of the dielectric losses strongly dependent on the storage site density. The results can be explained by proton hopping.
V. G. Harutyunyan, K. M. Gambaryan, V. M. Aroutiounian, and I. G. Harutyunyan
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 249–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-249-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-249-2015, 2015
K. Kulshreshtha, B. Jurgelucks, F. Bause, J. Rautenberg, and C. Unverzagt
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 217–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-217-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-217-2015, 2015
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In this paper we show that for radially symmetric piezoceramic disks non-zero sensitivity of the electrical impedance to the whole material parameter set can be computed using a system of 3-ring electrodes and non-uniform electrical excitation. We formulate an optimisation problem for increasing this sensitivity. However, the system displays multiple optimal configurations for the radii of said ring electrodes and we have shown some results from optimising such configurations using simulations.
F. Roth, C. Schmerbauch, E. Ionescu, N. Nicoloso, O. Guillon, and R. Riedel
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 133–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-133-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-133-2015, 2015
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We report on the high-temperature piezoresistivity of carbon-containing silicon oxycarbide nanocomposites (C/SiOC). The piezoresistive behavior of the C/SiOC nanocomposites relies on the presence of dispersed nanocrystalline graphite and non-crystalline carbon domains. In comparison to highly ordered carbon, C/SiOC exhibits strongly enhanced sensitivities, even at high temperatures. Thus, k values of ca. 80 at the highest temperature reading, 1200°C, reveal that C/SiOC is a primary candidate.
P. Gembaczka, M. Görtz, Y. Celik, A. Jupe, M. Stühlmeyer, A. Goehlich, H. Vogt, W. Mokwa, and M. Kraft
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 335–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-335-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-335-2014, 2014
F. Di Maggio, M. Ling, A. Tsang, J. Covington, J. Saffell, and C. Blackman
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 325–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-325-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-325-2014, 2014
E. Dilonardo, M. Penza, M. Alvisi, C. Di Franco, D. Suriano, R. Rossi, F. Palmisano, L. Torsi, and N. Cioffi
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 245–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-245-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-245-2014, 2014
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Electrochemically synthesized colloidal Au NPs with controlled dimension and composition were successfully deposited electrophoretically on CNT networked films. Au NP/CNT films were tested as active layers in resistive NO2 sensors, exhibiting a p-type response and a sensitivity depending on Au loading. The impact of the Au loading on gas sensing performance was investigated as a function of the working temperature, gas concentration and interfering gases.
A. Hosoya, S. Tamura, and N. Imanaka
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 141–144, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-141-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-141-2014, 2014
A. Nocke
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 2, 127–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-127-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-127-2013, 2013
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Short summary
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to examine the effect of the particle size and morphology of Co3O4 on its thermal response under exposure to 1 % CH4. The DTA response results from the catalytic oxidation of methane. Co3O4 samples differing in particle size and morphology were produced by ball milling or were synthesized. The investigations performed with temperatures between 250 and 450 °C reveal that both particle size and shape have a considerable effect on thermal response.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to examine the effect of the particle size and...
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