Articles | Volume 10, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-247-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-247-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular research article
| 
22 Sep 2021
Regular research article |
| 22 Sep 2021
| 22 Sep 2021
Referencing of powder bed for in situ detection of lateral layer displacements in additive manufacturing
Institute of Manufacturing Metrology (FMT), Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg (FAU), Collaborative Research Centre 814 – Additive Manufacturing, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
Julien Schinn
Institute of Manufacturing Metrology (FMT), Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg (FAU), Collaborative Research Centre 814 – Additive Manufacturing, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
Tino Hausotte
Institute of Manufacturing Metrology (FMT), Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg (FAU), Collaborative Research Centre 814 – Additive Manufacturing, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Martin Lerchen, Jakob Hornung, Yu Zou, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 219–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, 2021
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The publication contributes to a uniform procedure for in-process measurement data acquisition in additive manufacturing, which is essential for a controlled correction of detected manufacturing deviations. The developed methodology is based on an analysis of the melt pool contours relative to a referencing system integrated in the powder bed. By recording the referenced melt pool and the shimmering contours after powder application, manufacturing deviations can be evaluated more accurately.
Matthias Busch and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-1-2023, 2023
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The paper presents a specimen and evaluation method for interface structural resolution testing of X-ray computed tomography systems based on CT simulations. The geometry is oriented to the norms of image quality investigation. The evaluation is based on profile lines of the cross-sectional images that pass through the boreholes. All statements on resolution refer to the entire measurement chain and, thus, in addition to the reconstruction algorithm also to the surface determination method used.
Christian Orgeldinger, Florian Wohlgemuth, Andreas Michael Müller, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 219–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, 2022
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Industrial X-ray computed tomography is a holistic measurement technique for dimensional metrology. However, the relatively long measurement time is a hindrance to its application. A possibility to reduce measurement times, the continuous scan mode, is characterized in this work. The question is how much the time reduction impacts the accuracy of the dimensional measurements. The core result of the paper is an estimate of the effect along with experimental proof that this estimate is reasonable.
Florian Wohlgemuth, Tino Hausotte, Ingomar Schmidt, Wolfgang Kimmig, and Karl Dietrich Imkamp
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 171–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022, 2022
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Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial CT systems is described in different standards. The characterisation and testing of CT system performance are often achieved with test artefacts containing spheres. This simulative study characterises the influence of different geometrical error sources – or geometrical misalignments – on these sphere measurements.
Martin Lerchen, Jakob Hornung, Yu Zou, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 219–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, 2021
Short summary
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The publication contributes to a uniform procedure for in-process measurement data acquisition in additive manufacturing, which is essential for a controlled correction of detected manufacturing deviations. The developed methodology is based on an analysis of the melt pool contours relative to a referencing system integrated in the powder bed. By recording the referenced melt pool and the shimmering contours after powder application, manufacturing deviations can be evaluated more accurately.
Yiting Wu, Elisa Wirthmann, Ute Klöpzig, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 171–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-171-2021, 2021
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A new metrological atomic force microscope (MAFM) head design is shown. We investigated the MAFM head in the nanomeasuring machine (NMM-1) for different high-precision and large-scale traceable measurement tasks. Due to their integration, the MAFM head can benefit from the large measuring range, high-precision and traceability of the NMM-1 for efficient measurements on different samples. The presented results show the realised macroscale measurements with sub-nanometre resolution.
Sebastian Metzner, Tamara Reuter, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 157–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-157-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-157-2020, 2020
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For the determination of the refractive index of the lubricant used in the sheet-bulk metal forming process, a lubricant thin-film thickness standard was developed which represents a continuous measuring range from 6 to 100 μm. To determine the refractive index, the thin-film thickness standard was measured with a coaxial interferometric measurement system in various thickness ranges. The results show changing optical properties with increasing layer thickness.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, 2020
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The framework of the single point uncertainty presents a methodology to determine the local measurement uncertainty for a measurement setup. The targets of the investigation were spur (involute) steel gear wheels using a CMM in scanning mode in combination with a rotatory table, as well as a single scan of the complete gear profile without the use of a rotatory table, using the
free-form scanCMM functionality. Both methods were examined with respect to their obtained single point uncertainty.
Andreas Michael Müller, Dominik Schubert, Dietmar Drummer, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 51–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-51-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-51-2020, 2020
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This paper aims to demonstrate the complete workflow of the determination of the local measurement uncertainty and its components (systematic and random measurement error) for a given measurement task. It was shown for an optical measurement setup in combination with an industrial X-ray computed tomography reference measurement system that different necessary colouring methods of polymer gear wheels have a measurable influence on the local distribution of the measurement uncertainty.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 551–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, 2018
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Computed tomography measurements can be subject to specific image artefacts, which can be dependent on the effective rotation axis of the work piece during the scan. The presented approach is to combine several CT scans with different rotation axes of the work piece using a data fusion approach. To improve the fidelity of the result, surface points are weighted individually within the algorithm, dependent on the local surface quality of the measurement.
A. Loderer and T. Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-1-2016, 2016
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This article describes a new qualification concept for dimensional measurements on optical measuring systems, using the example of a prototypical multi-scale multi-sensor fringe projection system for production-related inspections of sheet-bulk metal-formed parts. A new concept is developed for determining the orientations and positions of the sensors' measuring ranges in a common coordinate system. The principle element of the concept is a newly developed flexible reference artefact.
A. Schuler, T. Hausotte, and Z. Sun
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-199-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-199-2015, 2015
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Measurement tasks of modern micro- and nanometrology with decreasing structure sizes and rising aspect ratios require nanometre-resolving 3-D capable sensors. A 3-D probing system based on electrical interaction is presented which is operated on a nanopositioning system NMM-1. New 3-D measurement procedures for the probing system as well as for micrometrology measurement tasks in general are shown.
Related subject area
Measurement theory, uncertainty and modeling of measurements: Measurement theory and science
On non-SI units accepted for use with the SI in a digital system of units
Validation of SI-based digital data of measurement using the TraCIM system
Methods and procedure of referenced in situ control of lateral contour displacements in additive manufacturing
Absolute calibration of the spectral responsivity of thermal detectors in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) regions by using blackbody radiation
Explaining to different audiences the new definition and experimental realizations of the kilogram
Deep neural networks for computational optical form measurements
Inductive localization accuracy of a passive 3-D coil in an Industry 4.0 environment
Data fusion of surface data sets of X-ray computed tomography measurements using locally determined surface quality values
Sensor information as a service – component of networked production
Aeroacoustic analysis using natural Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition
Objectifying user attention and emotion evoked by relevant perceived product components
Data fusion of surface normals and point coordinates for deflectometric measurements
Joaquín Valdés
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 25–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-25-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-25-2024, 2024
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There is a need to develop an unambiguous digital version of the International System of Units (SI), as required for information systems and distributed sensor networks. The unit kilogram could already replace the non-SI unit for atomic masses (dalton, Da) because the experimental uncertainties are now very close. But changing the current status of the well-known unit decibel would require considerably more time, until a digital version of a Unique SI Reference Point would be approved.
Daniel Hutzschenreuter, Bernd Müller, Jan Henry Loewe, and Rok Klobucar
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 289–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-289-2021, 2021
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The paper presents a concept for an automated classification of
machine-readable data from measurement according to its agreement with metrological guidelines. An implementation of the classification was realized within the TraCIM online validation system for trustworthy certification of software that is under quality management. The research was collaboratively made by the partners of the European Metrology Research Project SmartCom.
Martin Lerchen, Jakob Hornung, Yu Zou, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 219–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, 2021
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The publication contributes to a uniform procedure for in-process measurement data acquisition in additive manufacturing, which is essential for a controlled correction of detected manufacturing deviations. The developed methodology is based on an analysis of the melt pool contours relative to a referencing system integrated in the powder bed. By recording the referenced melt pool and the shimmering contours after powder application, manufacturing deviations can be evaluated more accurately.
Tobias Pohl, Peter Meindl, Lutz Werner, Uwe Johannsen, Dieter Taubert, Christian Monte, and Jörg Hollandt
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 109–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-109-2021, 2021
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The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt has set up a primary method for the calibration of the spectral responsivity of thermal detectors in the near- and mid-infrared spectral range. This method uses the calculable radiation of a blackbody radiator and optical bandpass filters. The obtained results with relative standard measurement uncertainties between 5 % and 19 % are consistent with previous calibrations at PTB's national primary detector standard and extend the usable wavelength range.
Joaquín Valdés
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-1-2021, 2021
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Effective from 20 May 2019, the kilogram is now defined in terms of the numerical value of the Planck constant h. Replacing the artefact definition of the kilogram by a new one based on the mass of a particle, or the atomic mass constant mu, would have been preferable for ease of understanding, among other reasons. In this paper we will discuss some educational limitations of teaching to different audiences the new definition and corresponding realizations of the kilogram.
Lara Hoffmann and Clemens Elster
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 301–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-301-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-301-2020, 2020
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Deep learning has become a state-of-the-art method in machine learning, with a broad range of successful applications. Our goal is to explore the benefits of deep learning techniques for computational optical form measurements. The research is based on solving a nonlinear inverse problem aimed at the reconstruction of optical topographies from given processed interferograms. A U-Net network structure is chosen and tested on a simulated database. The obtained results are promising.
Rafael Psiuk, Alfred Müller, Daniel Cichon, Albert Heuberger, Hartmut Brauer, and Hannes Töpfer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 171–183, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-171-2019, 2019
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In this article we have investigated how the arbitrary orientation of a passive localization object in a magnetic field affects that field. For that we have identified the two sources of uncertainty, the geometrical extent of the object and the field inhomogeneity, and have quantified their effect analytically. Based on that we have compared the performance of several localization algorithms on that field variation. Results show that a dipole model is sufficient for the localization algorithm.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 551–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Computed tomography measurements can be subject to specific image artefacts, which can be dependent on the effective rotation axis of the work piece during the scan. The presented approach is to combine several CT scans with different rotation axes of the work piece using a data fusion approach. To improve the fidelity of the result, surface points are weighted individually within the algorithm, dependent on the local surface quality of the measurement.
Robert H. Schmitt and Christoph Voigtmann
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 389–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-389-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-389-2018, 2018
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Metrology has a key position in networked, adaptive production, with the task of a holistic and valid assessment of the state of various production scenarios. Current trends and challenges for metrology in networked production, e.g., multi-sensor systems, model-based measurements, virtual measurement processes or the integration into adaptable production systems are described and the concept of
sensor information as a serviceis presented as a key development for the flexible use of metrology.
Daniel Haufe, Johannes Gürtler, Anita Schulz, Friedrich Bake, Lars Enghardt, and Jürgen Czarske
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 113–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-113-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-113-2018, 2018
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The analysis of aeroacoustic phenomena is crucial for deeper understanding of the damping mechanisms of a sound-absorbing bias flow liner. Simultaneous three-component velocity measurements of the superposed sound field and the flow field in a 3-D region of interest with over 4000 measurement points are presented. The natural Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition is applied to separate both fields from the measured velocity field in the spatial domain. This reveals new insight into the aerodynamic flow.
R. Schmitt, M. Köhler, J. V. Durá, and J. Diaz-Pineda
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 315–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-315-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-315-2014, 2014
B. Komander, D. Lorenz, M. Fischer, M. Petz, and R. Tutsch
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 281–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-281-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-281-2014, 2014
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Deflectometric measurements of specular surfaces when performed with two reference planes lead to both data for surface points and surface normals. The deviations in the surface points are usually several orders of magnitude larger than those for the surface normals. In this paper we propose a method to fuse these data to increase the accuracy of the surface points. The results show that the accuracy can be increased by more than an order of magnitude.
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Short summary
In order to contribute to a standardisation and process monitoring of additive manufacturing (AM) processes, a novel referencing approach was developed to improve the assessment of geometric manufacturing and measurement deviations. This is based on a referencing system integrated in the powder bed, which enables a shortening of the measuring loop. The position-stable quartz glass pipes enable more precise specification of lateral manufacturing and measurement deviations during AM.
In order to contribute to a standardisation and process monitoring of additive manufacturing...
