Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-195-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-195-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular research article
| 
15 May 2019
Regular research article |
| 15 May 2019
| 15 May 2019
Measurement of the absolute spectral responsivity in the mid-infrared based on the cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer and an optimized thermopile detector
Tobias Pohl
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12,
10587 Berlin, Germany
Peter Meindl
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12,
10587 Berlin, Germany
Uwe Johannsen
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12,
10587 Berlin, Germany
Dieter Taubert
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12,
10587 Berlin, Germany
Lutz Werner
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12,
10587 Berlin, Germany
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Tobias Pohl, Peter Meindl, Jörg Hollandt, Uwe Johannsen, and Lutz Werner
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 61–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-61-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-61-2022, 2022
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The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt calibrated pyroelectric detectors at two independent primary radiometric standards regarding their spectral responsivity. The SI traceable measurements in the spectral range between 1.5 and 14 µm are consistent within the measurement uncertainty in the range of 1 % and 14 %. The importance of the correct read-out of lock-in amplifiers and the accurate consideration of the temporal shape of the chopped radiant flux behind the chopper wheel are shown.
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The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt has set up a primary method for the calibration of the spectral responsivity of thermal detectors in the near- and mid-infrared spectral range. This method uses the calculable radiation of a blackbody radiator and optical bandpass filters. The obtained results with relative standard measurement uncertainties between 5 % and 19 % are consistent with previous calibrations at PTB's national primary detector standard and extend the usable wavelength range.
Tobias Pohl, Peter Meindl, Jörg Hollandt, Uwe Johannsen, and Lutz Werner
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 61–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-61-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-61-2022, 2022
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The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt calibrated pyroelectric detectors at two independent primary radiometric standards regarding their spectral responsivity. The SI traceable measurements in the spectral range between 1.5 and 14 µm are consistent within the measurement uncertainty in the range of 1 % and 14 %. The importance of the correct read-out of lock-in amplifiers and the accurate consideration of the temporal shape of the chopped radiant flux behind the chopper wheel are shown.
Tobias Pohl, Peter Meindl, Lutz Werner, Uwe Johannsen, Dieter Taubert, Christian Monte, and Jörg Hollandt
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 109–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-109-2021, 2021
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The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt has set up a primary method for the calibration of the spectral responsivity of thermal detectors in the near- and mid-infrared spectral range. This method uses the calculable radiation of a blackbody radiator and optical bandpass filters. The obtained results with relative standard measurement uncertainties between 5 % and 19 % are consistent with previous calibrations at PTB's national primary detector standard and extend the usable wavelength range.
Sebastian König, Berndt Gutschwager, Richard Dieter Taubert, and Jörg Hollandt
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 425–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-425-2020, 2020
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We present the metrological characterization and calibration of three different types of thermographic cameras for quantitative temperature measurement traceable to the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). Relevant technical specifications are determined according to the requirements given in the series of Technical Directives VDI/VDE 5585. For the IETD and the NU, we also show how a significant improvement in the parameters can be achieved with the help of the data reference method.
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Simon Gaßner, Simon Essing, David Tumpold, Katrin Schmitt, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 219–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-219-2024, 2024
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This article describes a small prototype sensor designed to sense carbon dioxide (CO2) levels for indoor air quality monitoring. The device uses a photoacoustic detector fabricated using a wafer-bonding process. This allows for high-volume production of the sensors. The prototype presented is small in size and can detect CO2 levels as low as 81 ppm with a response time of 53 s. Our results show suitability for application in indoor air quality control systems.
Sohrab Shojaei Khatouni, Sven Zakowski, Reza Hosseini Vedad, Mustafa Masjedi, Akram Askar, Jan Christian Eli Ewald, and Hoc Khiem Trieu
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 147–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-147-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-147-2024, 2024
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This study introduces four sensors utilizing multiple fiber Bragg grating constellations embedded in a silicon dioxide single-mode fiber for simultaneous pressure, temperature, and bending curvature measurement. By varying grating constellation, dimensions, and materials, researchers optimized sensor performance. Results indicate that the optimal configuration involves a high cladding-to-coating ratio, less-stiff coating, and the combination of two gratings to form a Fabry–Pérot interferometer.
Jana Grundmann, Bernd Bodermann, Elena Ermilova, Matthias Weise, Andreas Hertwig, Petr Klapetek, Jila Rafighdoost, and Silvania F. Pereira
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 109–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-109-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-109-2024, 2024
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In power electronics, materials like silicon carbide (SiC) are increasingly being used instead of silicon. They have a lot of advantages but also require defect inspection with high accuracy. Different defect types on SiC samples are measured with various methods to determine which one is most suitable for which defect. In conclusion, each examined measurement method is sensitive to the studied defects, although they differ in speed and specialized application fields.
Florian Bergmann, Norbert Halmen, Claudia Scalfi-Happ, Dominik Reitzle, Alwin Kienle, Linda Mittelberg, Benjamin Baudrit, Thomas Hochrein, and Martin Bastian
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 175–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-175-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-175-2023, 2023
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In this work, the determination of the degree of cross-linking was investigated using absolute optical measurements with an integrating sphere and Raman spectroscopy. PE-Xc, on the basis of HDPE and UHMWPE and various thermosets, was examined. Laboratory methods (e.g. wet chemical analysis, DSC, and DEA) were used for comparison. A good correlation of the results of the optical methods with those of the laboratory methods could be shown and serves as a basis for further investigations.
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J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 123–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-123-2023, 2023
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Infrared spectroscopy is great for determining the composition of liquids. Combined with attenuated total reflection (ATR), one can just put the sample on the sensitive surface. We made a compact device with a diamond-coated silicon ATR crystal to protect the surface against aggressive fluids. Silicon crystal, light source and detector are hermetically sealed in a housing. Our tests show that the diamond coating enhanced the sensitivity compared to uncoated ATR elements as predicted by theory.
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J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 61–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-61-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-61-2023, 2023
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J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 21–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-21-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-21-2023, 2023
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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the very common diseases with no viable cure. However, it can be controlled by regulating the daily sugar intake. Diabetic patients need to prick their fingers a few times a day for monitoring sugar levels. To find an alternative, researchers have been working for decades on the development of a true non-invasive technique. In this effort, we developed a cost-effective non-invasive technique for measuring blood sugar levels using capacitance spectroscopy.
Katrin Schmitt, Mara Sendelbach, Christian Weber, Jürgen Wöllenstein, and Thomas Strahl
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 37–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-37-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-37-2023, 2023
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We present a photoacoustic sensor enabling fast, inexpensive, and highly sensitive methane detection in environmental monitoring applications. Six different T-cell designs were both theoretically and experimentally investigated. The aim was to understand the photoacoustic signal generation and resonances in relation to the different cell geometries, and determine the long-term stability and the detection limits for methane. These were below the methane background concentration in air of 1.8 ppm.
Gerald Stocker, Cristina Consani, Pooja Thakkar, Clement Fleury, Andreas Tortschanoff, Khaoula-Farah Ourak, Gerald Pühringer, Reyhaneh Jannesari, Parviz Saeidi, Elmar Aschauer, Ulf Bartl, Christoph Kovatsch, Thomas Grille, and Bernhard Jakoby
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 225–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-225-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-225-2022, 2022
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We motivate how integrated waveguides (WGs) can be part of an on-chip non-dispersive infrared sensor system for environmental sensing. We report the hurdles in maintaining WG quality when integrating emitter and detector structures on the same chip. Thus, we introduce the concept of how to determine the intrinsic loss and a process scheme to protect WG structures from damage caused during fabrication. This could pave the way to systems for environmental sensing with a minimal footprint.
Hongyi Zhang, Shéhérazade Azouigui, Rabia Sehab, and Moussa Boukhnifer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 187–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-187-2022, 2022
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In this paper, a near-infrared LED system is proposed for autonomous vehicles to distinguish between weather-induced road surface conditions (dry, wet, snow, ice, water). For the LED spectra, the influence of the LED bandwidth is investigated. To assess the performance of the system for a long detection range, experiments with large incident angles are conducted. The feasibility of this system is proved via a laboratory experiment with three near-infrared LEDs and a camera.
Tobias Binkele, David Hilbig, Mahmoud Essameldin, Thomas Henning, Friedrich Fleischmann, and Walter Lang
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 261–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-261-2021, 2021
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The development of optical design is characterized by the desire for more applications and better performance. The latest result of this development is freeform optics offering almost unlimited possibilities for the designers. However, an optical component has also to be manufactured and tested by metrology. We propose a measurement technique for the surface characterization of freeform optical components and highlight the possible error sources and their influence on the measurement result.
Sebastian Schramm, Jannik Ebert, Johannes Rangel, Robert Schmoll, and Andreas Kroll
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 207–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-207-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-207-2021, 2021
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During the geometric calibration of infrared cameras, the parameters that describe where object points are mapped onto thermal images are determined. The required reference data is obtained by capturing so-called calibration targets. In established approaches, it is difficult to estimate the lens distortions precisely. A newly developed target and its evaluation algorithm make it possible to increase the sensitivity of the calibration by finding reference points close to image borders.
Helmut Budzier and Gerald Gerlach
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 179–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-179-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-179-2021, 2021
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In thermometry, the displayed temperature value of an object depends on the size of the object. This behaviour, the size-of-source effect, might be a major cause of measurement uncertainty in a thermoscene. The influence of diffraction and digitization can be described advantageously with the modulation transfer function. Especially with very small objects the displayed temperatures are too low. When imaging large objects, not only the edge areas are affected, but also the entire image.
Felix Lehner, Jürgen Roth, Oliver Hupe, Marc Kassubeck, Benedikt Bergmann, Petr Mánek, and Marcus Magnor
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 63–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-63-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-63-2021, 2021
Thomas Strahl, Johannes Herbst, Eric Maier, Sven Rademacher, Christian Weber, Hans-Fridtjof Pernau, Armin Lambrecht, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-25-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-25-2021, 2021
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For safety, environmental and economic reasons, methane leak detection is one of the most requested tasks for gas measurement devices. This paper compares the performance of a laser-based optical and acoustical detection scheme at different wavelengths and laser types, respectively. This forms a good basis for further developments of methane leak detection devices or can help to choose the right configuration for a certain methane leak detection application.
Sebastian König, Berndt Gutschwager, Richard Dieter Taubert, and Jörg Hollandt
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 425–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-425-2020, 2020
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We present the metrological characterization and calibration of three different types of thermographic cameras for quantitative temperature measurement traceable to the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). Relevant technical specifications are determined according to the requirements given in the series of Technical Directives VDI/VDE 5585. For the IETD and the NU, we also show how a significant improvement in the parameters can be achieved with the help of the data reference method.
Maximilian Wohlschläger and Martin Versen
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 337–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-337-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-337-2020, 2020
Markus Stoehr, Gerald Gerlach, Thomas Härtling, and Stephan Schoenfelder
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 209–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-209-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-209-2020, 2020
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Photoelasticity is considered a useful measurement tool for non-destructive and contactless determination of mechanical stresses or strains in the production of silicon wafers. In this work, a detailed derivation for the anisotropic stress-optic law is presented, and the corresponding stress-optical parameters are measured.
Ulrich Nordmeyer, Niels Neumann, Xiaozhou Wang, Dirk Plettemeier, Torsten Thiel, and Konstantin Kojucharow
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-199-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-199-2020, 2020
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A completely new evaluation method for optical sensors is investigated in this paper. It originates from research that integrates optical sensors into radio-over-fibre networks. The laboratory-based experimental set-up is explained, and the findings are validated by a comparison to the conventional evaluation scheme. Finally, the work provides a detailed mathematical model to understand the implications of this new read-out method for practical applications.
Lakshan Tharmakularajah, Jakob Döring, and Karl-Ludwig Krieger
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 133–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-133-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-133-2020, 2020
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In order to differentiate between a wet and a dry road surface, the water film height should be measured by using an infrared-based sensor system. By means of different wavelengths, it is also possible to distinguish between ice and water. In this article, a sensor system for the determination of the physical state of water on different surfaces using infrared LEDs and one photodiode is presented. This shall serve as a basis for the calculation of the road condition.
Mahmoud El-Safoury, Christian Weber, Olaf Kiesewetter, Yvonne Hespos, André Eberhardt, Katrin Schmitt, and Jürgen Wöllenstein
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 89–97, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-89-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-89-2020, 2020
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The refrigerant R134a is classified as a greenhouse gas and was banned from use (in vehicles) by the European Union in 2017 due to its contribution to global warming. The more expensive alternative refrigerant R1234yf is considered an environmentally less harmful alternative owing to its significantly lower global warming potential. Our newly developed gas detector can detect both refrigerants separately and, thus, help prevent the use of illegal gas mixtures that contain both refrigerants.
Elena Kononogova, Albert Adibekyan, Christian Monte, and Jörg Hollandt
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 233–242, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-233-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-233-2019, 2019
Christian Niklas, Stephan Bauke, Fabian Müller, Kai Golibrzuch, Hainer Wackerbarth, and Georgios Ctistis
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 123–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-123-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-123-2019, 2019
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We present in our paper two types of optical sensors that are capable of measuring the environmentally significant gases such as carbon oxide and dioxide as well as methane and water through absorption of light even in harsh environments of high temperature and pressure. Thus the sensors render it possible to measure inside combustion engines or in civilian fireplaces, which is necessary to meet the increasing demands of environmental protection regulations.
Stefan Oertel, Michael Eggert, Christian Gutsmuths, Paul Wilhelm, Harald Müller, and Helmut Többen
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 9–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-9-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-9-2019, 2019
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Traceable wind velocity measurements with high resolution play a critical role in the field of wind energy. In this article we present a novel bistatic wind lidar system that has a high spatial and temporal resolution and a reduced measurement uncertainty compared to conventional systems as evidenced by comparison measurements. A first validation measurement in a wind tunnel with a laser Doppler anemometer as a flow velocity reference confirms the high accuracy of the bistatic lidar system.
Martin Weisbrich and Klaus Holschemacher
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 601–608, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-601-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-601-2018, 2018
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The study describes how distributed optical strain measurement can be applied to steel surfaces. With the method presented, strain transfers from the substrate to the fiber core can be achieved that are almost identical to those of the reference measurement, especially with Ormocer® and polyimide coating.
The research results are to be used in the future for strain measurement in concrete construction on reinforcing steel.
Ruben Makris, Falk Hille, Marc Thiele, Dirk Kirschberger, and Damian Sowietzki
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 259–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-259-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-259-2018, 2018
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In structural parts under vibrational loading fatigue cracks can initiate and grow, which can lead to structural failure. Conventional non-destructive testing methods for crack detection provide just a snapshot of fatigue crack evolution, whereas crack luminescence coating realizes clear visibility of the entire crack formation. Fatigue causing cyclic tensile tests and examinations on special test bodies allowing control of the crack opening width demonstrate a high sensitivity of the coating.
Markus Brüne, Wilhelm Furian, Wieland Hill, and Andreas Pflitsch
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 85–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-85-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-85-2018, 2018
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The climate conditions in underground transportation facilities, especially the current airflow in terms of direction and speed, are the key factor driving smoke propagation in the case of a tunnel fire. Sensing this airflow is cost-intensive. Therefore, this paper focuses on gaining the information from temperature sensing along the tunnels using already installed optical fibers normally used for communications. This technique can replace thousands of temperature sensors.
Christoph Kroh, Roland Wuchrer, Margarita Günther, Thomas Härtling, and Gerald Gerlach
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 51–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-51-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-51-2018, 2018
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The inline monitoring of parameters in aqueous liquids is facing an increasing demand in many application areas. In this paper we report on an optical monitoring of the pH value in liquids by means of a sensitive hydrogel, which can be applied in the physiological range. Our results indicate a nearly linear dependency between pH value and hydrogel swelling. Furthermore, we show an improvement of the response time by a factor of 2 in comparison to other systems exploiting this kind of hydrogel.
Beate Oswald-Tranta
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 13–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-13-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-13-2018, 2018
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Images of an infrared camera show blurring effects while recording a moving object. Not only the contrast is corrupted by the motion but also the object temperature seems to be lower. It is shown how such images and the true temperature with a good approximation can be restored. Since the detection mechanism of an infrared camera is different from usual digital cameras, also the restoration is different. Examples are presented for motion deblurring used to restore images with different motions.
Roberto Marsili and Gianluca Rossi
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 361–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-361-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-361-2017, 2017
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The car production industry is being subjected to more and more pressing technological challenges. In this framework the use of an advanced measurement technique such as thermoelasticity allows the engineers to have a fast and reliable tool for experimental investigation, optimization and validation of the FEM models. In this work it is shown how the thermoelastic measurement technique can be used to optimize a Ferrari car frame.
Christian Rogge, Steffen Zinn, Paolo Prosposito, Roberto Francini, and Andreas H. Foitzik
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 351–359, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-351-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-351-2017, 2017
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This work presents a cost-effective optical-based sensor for pH monitoring of sample volumes less than 150 µL. As part of a bigger project to develop a stand-alone micro bioreactor system, measurements carried out with phenol red and DMEM reported a standard error of calibration in the physiologic pH range (6.5–7.5) of pH ±0.04. Compared to other accessible optical-based sensors this reported system is a good alternative regarding the overall costs of less than EUR 50.
Henrik Zimmermann, Mathias Wiese, Luigi Fiorani, and Alessandro Ragnoni
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 155–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-155-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-155-2017, 2017
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Because of their direct impact on patients, medical supply lines are under strict regulations and have to be monitored in terms of purity on a regular basis. State-of-the-art measurement solutions do not allow for continuous bedside monitoring. The aim of the presented work is to provide a compact multispecies monitoring system based on the latest quantum cascade laser technologies allowing for the continuous bedside monitoring of medical gases.
T. Ott, M. Schossig, V. Norkus, and G. Gerlach
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 313–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-313-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-313-2015, 2015
M. Mohebbi
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 209–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-209-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-209-2015, 2015
F. Vita, C. Kern, and S. Inguaggiato
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 355–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-355-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-355-2014, 2014
U. Kienitz
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 265–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-265-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-265-2014, 2014
T. Bley, E. Pignanelli, and A. Schütze
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Short summary
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) expanded its capabilities in the International System of Units (SI)-traceable absolute measurement of radiant power into the spectral range of the mid-infrared (MIR) by implementing additional MIR laser radiation sources at one of the PTB's cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer facilities. This extension enables absolute calibrations of the spectral responsivity of detectors in the MIR with low uncertainty.
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) expanded its capabilities in the International...
