Articles | Volume 3, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-253-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Regular research article
| 
21 Oct 2014
Regular research article |
| 21 Oct 2014
Selective detection of hazardous VOCs for indoor air quality applications using a virtual gas sensor array
M. Leidinger
Saarland University, Lab for Measurement Technology, Saarbrücken, Germany
T. Sauerwald
Saarland University, Lab for Measurement Technology, Saarbrücken, Germany
W. Reimringer
3S GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
G. Ventura
IDMEC – Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Porto, Portugal
A. Schütze
Saarland University, Lab for Measurement Technology, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Tilman Sauerwald, Tobias Baur, Martin Leidinger, Wolfhard Reimringer, Laurent Spinelle, Michel Gerboles, Gertjan Kok, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, 2018
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For detection of benzene, a multichannel gas sensor system was tested in two different laboratories at the concentration range from 0.5 ppb up to 10 ppb. A model is used to extract the channels and multilinear regression is done to compensate cross interference to other gases. Depending on the measurement conditions, the quantification accuracy is between ±0.2 ppb and ±2 ppb. Regression models for one laboratory were transferable between the labs under comparable measurement conditions.
Martin Leidinger, Joni Huotari, Tilman Sauerwald, Jyrki Lappalainen, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, 2016
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For the application of indoor air quality monitoring, two types of tungsten oxide gas sensor layers were prepared via pulsed laser deposition. Analysis of the structure of the produced layers showed that they consist of nanoparticles and agglomerates of nanoparticles. The sensors showed significant sensitivity and selectivity towards naphthalene in the ppb concentration range. The results were achieved using temperature cycled operation of the sensors and pattern recognition signal treatment.
Maximilian Koehne, Christopher Schmidt, Satnam Singh, Andreas Grasskamp, Tilman Sauerwald, and Gina Zeh
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 215–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-215-2023, 2023
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Continuous inspection of gases is increasingly important for process monitoring, like fruit ripening. This involves the detection of individual markers in complex gas mixtures, e.g., to indicate spoilage. Unfortunately, classical techniques are lab-bound and resource-intensive. Hence, small, low-cost systems are being developed. Thereto, we propose a sensor system, containing a non-heated gas separation unit and gas sensors combined with a compensation of surrounding temperature effects.
Andreas T. Grasskamp, Satnam Singh, Helen Haug, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 93–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-93-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-93-2023, 2023
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In this work, we have developed and validated a semi-automatic approach that greatly reduces the amount of interaction and effort needed for analyzing samples via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Further, unlike many other approaches, our developed tool is accessible to the novice and does not require any programming experience. Using whisky as an example substance, we show how the analysis method compares to conventional software, and we validate our approach against that.
Tanja Dorst, Tizian Schneider, Sascha Eichstädt, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-45-2023, 2023
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A fundamental problem of machine learning (ML) is measurement uncertainty and the influence on ML results. Measurement uncertainty, which is critical in hazardous gas detection, is directly addressed in this paper. A previously published toolbox is extended for regression. One of the benefits of this approach is obtaining a better understanding of where the overall system should be improved. This can be achieved by either improving the trained ML model or using a sensor with higher precision.
Tanja Dorst, Yannick Robin, Sascha Eichstädt, Andreas Schütze, and Tizian Schneider
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 233–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-233-2021, 2021
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Synchronization problems within distributed sensor networks are a major challenge in the field of Industry 4.0. In this paper, artificially generated time shifts between sensor data and their influence on remaining useful lifetime prediction of electromechanical cylinders are investigated. It is shown that time shifts within sensor data lead to poor remaining useful lifetime predictions. However, this prediction can be significantly improved using various methods as shown in this contribution.
Tobias Baur, Manuel Bastuck, Caroline Schultealbert, Tilman Sauerwald, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-411-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-411-2020, 2020
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Applications like air quality, fire detection and detection of explosives require selective and quantitative measurements in an ever-changing background of interfering gases. One main issue hindering the successful implementation of gas sensors in real-world applications is the lack of appropriate calibration procedures for advanced gas sensor systems. This article presents a calibration scheme for gas sensors based on gas profiles with unique randomized gas mixtures.
Caroline Schultealbert, Iklim Uzun, Tobias Baur, Tilman Sauerwald, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 283–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-283-2020, 2020
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We present a work on gas sensors that can for example be used for the assessment of indoor air quality. These sensors suffer from deterioration by siloxanes, so we investigated these effects by a distinct operation mode and exposition to this gas that allows us to interpret different reactions on the sensor surface. We found that all processes on the sensor surface are slowed down by this treatment and a self-compensation by the evaluation of oxygen adsorption processes is likely to be found.
Marius Rodner, Manuel Bastuck, Andreas Schütze, Mike Andersson, Joni Huotari, Jarkko Puustinen, Jyrki Lappalainen, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 261–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-261-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-261-2019, 2019
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To fulfil today's requirements, gas sensors have to become more and more sensitive and selective. In this work, we present a novel method to significantly enhance the effect of gate bias on the response of a SiC field-effect transistor by placing a lithium-doped tungsten oxide film beneath the gate. This enhancement, compared to undoped samples, opens new perspectives for static and transient signal generation, e.g. gate bias-cycled operation, and, thus, increasing sensitivity and selectivity.
Henrik Lensch, Manuel Bastuck, Tobias Baur, Andreas Schütze, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 161–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-161-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-161-2019, 2019
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The measurement of humidity in industrial applications is still an important research issue. Especially under rough operation conditions the current humidity sensor comes to its limitations. To this end, we are developing an integrated sensor system using a metal oxide sensor with impedance spectroscopy as multi-signal generation allowing the discrimination of humidity and reducing gases. The submitted paper focuses on the modeling of the humidity-dependent aspects of impedance.
Manuel Bastuck, Tobias Baur, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 489–506, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-489-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-489-2018, 2018
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Predictions about systems too complex for physical modeling can be made nowadays with data-based models. Our software DAV³E is an easy way to extract relevant features from cyclic raw data, a process often neglected in other software packages, based on mathematical methods, incomplete physical models, or human intuition. Its graphical user interface further provides methods to fuse data from many sensors, to teach a model the prediction of new data, and to check the model’s performance.
Tobias Baur, Caroline Schultealbert, Andreas Schütze, and Tilman Sauerwald
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 411–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-411-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-411-2018, 2018
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A novel method for the detection of short pulses of gas at very low concentrations is presented. Applying the method to a doped SnO2 detector, gas pulses down to a dosage of 1 ppb times seconds can be detected. The gas transport inside the detector is simulated using the finite element method (FEM) to optimize the gas transport and to keep response and recovery time as short as possible. With this approach, we have demonstrated a detection limit for ethanol below 47 fg.
Andreas Schütze, Nikolai Helwig, and Tizian Schneider
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 359–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-359-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-359-2018, 2018
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“Industrie 4.0” or the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) describe the current (r)evolution in industrial automation and control. This is fundamentally based on smart sensors, which generate data and allow further functionality from self-monitoring and self-configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes. The paper reviews the development of sensor technology over the last 2 centuries and highlights some of the potential that can be achieved with smart sensors and data analysis.
Tilman Sauerwald, Tobias Baur, Martin Leidinger, Wolfhard Reimringer, Laurent Spinelle, Michel Gerboles, Gertjan Kok, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, 2018
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For detection of benzene, a multichannel gas sensor system was tested in two different laboratories at the concentration range from 0.5 ppb up to 10 ppb. A model is used to extract the channels and multilinear regression is done to compensate cross interference to other gases. Depending on the measurement conditions, the quantification accuracy is between ±0.2 ppb and ±2 ppb. Regression models for one laboratory were transferable between the labs under comparable measurement conditions.
Martin Leidinger, Joni Huotari, Tilman Sauerwald, Jyrki Lappalainen, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 147–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-147-2016, 2016
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For the application of indoor air quality monitoring, two types of tungsten oxide gas sensor layers were prepared via pulsed laser deposition. Analysis of the structure of the produced layers showed that they consist of nanoparticles and agglomerates of nanoparticles. The sensors showed significant sensitivity and selectivity towards naphthalene in the ppb concentration range. The results were achieved using temperature cycled operation of the sensors and pattern recognition signal treatment.
M. Schüler, T. Sauerwald, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 305–311, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-305-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-305-2015, 2015
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We study the effect of HMDSO vapor on an SnO2-based gas sensor in temperature cycled operation (TCO). The poisoning can be quantified at early stages with a resolution of ±85 ppm*min using TCO. This approach provides a simple method for early detection of HMDSO poisoning.
The stability of gas discrimination by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) can be improved using normalization, which in turn facilitates a more accurate determination of the poisoning state by hierarchical LDA discrimination.
B. Schmitt, C. Kiefer, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 239–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-239-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-239-2015, 2015
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A novel sensor principle for determining binary fluid mixtures of known components is presented. A bluff body is placed in the fluid channel, causing the formation of a stationary pair of vortices behind the body. The length of the vortex pair depends on the mixture’s viscosity and thus its composition. It is measured by placing a microheater in the vortex area and making use of forced convection which changes with the size of the vortices.
D. Puglisi, J. Eriksson, C. Bur, A. Schuetze, A. Lloyd Spetz, and M. Andersson
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-1-2015, 2015
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This study aims at the development of high-performance and cost-efficient gas sensors for sensitive detection of three specific hazardous gases, i.e., formaldehyde, naphthalene, and benzene, commonly present in indoor environments in concentrations of health concern. We used silicon carbide field effect transistors to investigate the sensor performance and characteristics under different levels of relative humidity up to 60%, demonstrating excellent detection limits in the sub-ppb range.
C. Bur, M. Bastuck, A. Schütze, J. Juuti, A. Lloyd Spetz, and M. Andersson
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-305-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-305-2014, 2014
M. Schüler, T. Sauerwald, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 213–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-213-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-213-2014, 2014
T. Bley, E. Pignanelli, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 121–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-121-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-121-2014, 2014
M. Bastuck, C. Bur, A. Lloyd Spetz, M. Andersson, and A. Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 9–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-9-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-9-2014, 2014
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J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 13, 9–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-9-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-9-2024, 2024
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A new method for water detection in lubricated rail components is presented. It is based on a robust humidity sensor combined with robust data evaluation to determine the water content of greases. Based on a laboratory evaluation in the relevant environment, the presented approach offers an online monitoring tool to predict the water content of grease-lubricated rail parts, thereby enhancing the reliability and safety while reducing the maintenance costs and downtime of railway wagons.
Andreas König
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-29-2022, 2022
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Bees play a major role in our ecosystem and the human food supply chain. Numerous threats, from pesticides to parasites, endanger bees and possibly cause bee colony collapse. The Varroa mite is one major parasite, and its timely detection and treatment is a key task for beekeepers. Contemporary sensors, electronics, and AI/PR allow vital parameters of bee hives to be monitored. Recent gas sensors (e.g., SGP30 or BME680) allow continuous in-hive parameter and Varroa population monitoring.
Anton V. Kvasnov and Vyacheslav P. Shkodyrev
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 127–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-127-2021, 2021
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Louisa Scholz, Alvaro Ortiz Perez, Benedikt Bierer, Jürgen Wöllenstein, and Stefan Palzer
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The availability of datasets providing information on the spatial and temporal evolution of greenhouse gas concentrations is of high relevance for the development of reliable climate simulations. Here we present a novel, non-dispersive infrared absorption spectroscopy (NDIR) device that can possibly act as a central building block of a sensor node to provide high-quality data of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations under field conditions at a high measurement rate.
Jonas Jung, Anja Blüher, Mathias Lakatos, and Gianaurelio Cuniberti
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J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-235-2018, 2018
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Rahima Sidi-Boulenouar, Ariston Reis, Eric Nativel, Simon Buy, Pauline de Pellegars, Pan Liu, Michel Zanca, Christophe Goze-Bac, Jérome Barbat, Eric Alibert, Jean-Luc Verdeil, Frédéric Gatineau, Nadia Bertin, Atma Anand, and Christophe Coillot
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 227–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-227-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-227-2018, 2018
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Ahmad Warda, Bojana Petković, and Hannes Toepfer
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 247–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-247-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-247-2017, 2017
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Binayak Ojha, Navas Illyaskutty, Jens Knoblauch, Muthu Raman Balachandran, and Heinz Kohler
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 237–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-237-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-237-2017, 2017
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W. Minkina and D. Klecha
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 17–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-17-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-17-2016, 2016
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The aim of this paper is to discuss different models that describe atmospheric transmission in the infrared. They were compared in order to choose the most appropriate one for certain atmospheric conditions. Universal models and different inaccuracies connected with them were analysed in this paper. There have been models analysed from the literature, and these are used in infrared cameras.
H. S. Wasisto, S. Merzsch, E. Uhde, A. Waag, and E. Peiner
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 111–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-111-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-111-2015, 2015
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The performance of a low-cost partially integrated cantilever-based airborne nanoparticle (NP) detector (CANTOR-1) is evaluated in terms of its real-time measurement and robustness. The device is used for direct reading of exposure to airborne carbon engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in indoor workplaces.
S. G. Nedilko, S. L. Revo, V. P. Chornii, V. P. Scherbatskyi, and M. S. Nedielko
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 31–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-31-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-31-2015, 2015
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Microcrystalline cellulose, microcrystalline nitrite powders of common formulae MNO2, (M = Na, K) and two-component materials (cellulose + nitrite) have been prepared and characterized by means of optical microscopy and luminescence spectroscopy.The method of determining the nitrite compound traces via their sorption by cellulose using luminescent properties of the NO2- molecular ion has been developed and the low limit of NaNO2 determination in water solution was evaluated as 0.035 mg/l.
D. Puglisi, J. Eriksson, C. Bur, A. Schuetze, A. Lloyd Spetz, and M. Andersson
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-1-2015, 2015
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This study aims at the development of high-performance and cost-efficient gas sensors for sensitive detection of three specific hazardous gases, i.e., formaldehyde, naphthalene, and benzene, commonly present in indoor environments in concentrations of health concern. We used silicon carbide field effect transistors to investigate the sensor performance and characteristics under different levels of relative humidity up to 60%, demonstrating excellent detection limits in the sub-ppb range.
C. Bur, M. Bastuck, A. Schütze, J. Juuti, A. Lloyd Spetz, and M. Andersson
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-305-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-305-2014, 2014
T. Mazingue, M. Lomello-Tafin, M. Passard, C. Hernandez-Rodriguez, L. Goujon, J.-L. Rousset, F. Morfin, and J.-F. Laithier
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 273–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-273-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-273-2014, 2014
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In this article, we propose detecting hydrogen (H2) traces at room temperature with nanostructured PdPt/Al2O3 catalysts. We measure the temperature rise during the exothermic oxidation of H2 by the catalyst. An appropriate formulation of about 1 mg of PdPt/Al2O3 leads to reversible thermal responses of 3°C in only 5 s. We show that this active material is a promising candidate for autonomous and reversible passive transducers for H2 sensors working at room temperature in explosive atmospheres.
M. Bektas, D. Hanft, D. Schönauer-Kamin, T. Stöcker, G. Hagen, and R. Moos
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 223–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-223-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-223-2014, 2014
F. P. Pentaris
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 145–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-145-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-145-2014, 2014
B. Fabbri, S. Gherardi, A. Giberti, V. Guidi, and C. Malagù
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 61–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-61-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-61-2014, 2014
Cited articles
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Short summary
An approach for detecting hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ppb and sub-ppb concentrations is presented. Using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors in temperature cycled operation, VOCs in trace concentrations are successfully identified against a varying ethanol background of up to 2 ppm. For signal processing, linear discriminant analysis is applied to single sensor data and sensor fusion data. Integrated gas sensor systems using the same MOS sensors were characterized.
An approach for detecting hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ppb and sub-ppb...
