Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-51-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-51-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Regular research article
| 
21 Feb 2020
Regular research article |
| 21 Feb 2020
| 21 Feb 2020
Determination of the single point uncertainty of customized polymer gear wheels using structured-light scanning with various polygonization settings
Andreas Michael Müller
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Manufacturing Metrology (FMT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
Dominik Schubert
Institute of Polymer Technology (LKT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, 91058 Erlangen-Tennenlohe, Germany
Dietmar Drummer
Institute of Polymer Technology (LKT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 9, 91058 Erlangen-Tennenlohe, Germany
Tino Hausotte
Institute of Manufacturing Metrology (FMT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
Related authors
Christian Orgeldinger, Florian Wohlgemuth, Andreas Michael Müller, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 219–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Industrial X-ray computed tomography is a holistic measurement technique for dimensional metrology. However, the relatively long measurement time is a hindrance to its application. A possibility to reduce measurement times, the continuous scan mode, is characterized in this work. The question is how much the time reduction impacts the accuracy of the dimensional measurements. The core result of the paper is an estimate of the effect along with experimental proof that this estimate is reasonable.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The framework of the single point uncertainty presents a methodology to determine the local measurement uncertainty for a measurement setup. The targets of the investigation were spur (involute) steel gear wheels using a CMM in scanning mode in combination with a rotatory table, as well as a single scan of the complete gear profile without the use of a rotatory table, using the
free-form scanCMM functionality. Both methods were examined with respect to their obtained single point uncertainty.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 551–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, 2018
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Computed tomography measurements can be subject to specific image artefacts, which can be dependent on the effective rotation axis of the work piece during the scan. The presented approach is to combine several CT scans with different rotation axes of the work piece using a data fusion approach. To improve the fidelity of the result, surface points are weighted individually within the algorithm, dependent on the local surface quality of the measurement.
Matthias Busch and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-1-2023, 2023
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The paper presents a specimen and evaluation method for interface structural resolution testing of X-ray computed tomography systems based on CT simulations. The geometry is oriented to the norms of image quality investigation. The evaluation is based on profile lines of the cross-sectional images that pass through the boreholes. All statements on resolution refer to the entire measurement chain and, thus, in addition to the reconstruction algorithm also to the surface determination method used.
Christian Orgeldinger, Florian Wohlgemuth, Andreas Michael Müller, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 219–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Industrial X-ray computed tomography is a holistic measurement technique for dimensional metrology. However, the relatively long measurement time is a hindrance to its application. A possibility to reduce measurement times, the continuous scan mode, is characterized in this work. The question is how much the time reduction impacts the accuracy of the dimensional measurements. The core result of the paper is an estimate of the effect along with experimental proof that this estimate is reasonable.
Florian Wohlgemuth, Tino Hausotte, Ingomar Schmidt, Wolfgang Kimmig, and Karl Dietrich Imkamp
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 171–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-171-2022, 2022
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Acceptance and reverification testing for industrial CT systems is described in different standards. The characterisation and testing of CT system performance are often achieved with test artefacts containing spheres. This simulative study characterises the influence of different geometrical error sources – or geometrical misalignments – on these sphere measurements.
Martin Lerchen, Julien Schinn, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 247–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-247-2021, 2021
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In order to contribute to a standardisation and process monitoring of additive manufacturing (AM) processes, a novel referencing approach was developed to improve the assessment of geometric manufacturing and measurement deviations. This is based on a referencing system integrated in the powder bed, which enables a shortening of the measuring loop. The position-stable quartz glass pipes enable more precise specification of lateral manufacturing and measurement deviations during AM.
Martin Lerchen, Jakob Hornung, Yu Zou, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 219–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-219-2021, 2021
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The publication contributes to a uniform procedure for in-process measurement data acquisition in additive manufacturing, which is essential for a controlled correction of detected manufacturing deviations. The developed methodology is based on an analysis of the melt pool contours relative to a referencing system integrated in the powder bed. By recording the referenced melt pool and the shimmering contours after powder application, manufacturing deviations can be evaluated more accurately.
Yiting Wu, Elisa Wirthmann, Ute Klöpzig, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 171–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-171-2021, 2021
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A new metrological atomic force microscope (MAFM) head design is shown. We investigated the MAFM head in the nanomeasuring machine (NMM-1) for different high-precision and large-scale traceable measurement tasks. Due to their integration, the MAFM head can benefit from the large measuring range, high-precision and traceability of the NMM-1 for efficient measurements on different samples. The presented results show the realised macroscale measurements with sub-nanometre resolution.
Sebastian Metzner, Tamara Reuter, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 157–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-157-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-157-2020, 2020
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For the determination of the refractive index of the lubricant used in the sheet-bulk metal forming process, a lubricant thin-film thickness standard was developed which represents a continuous measuring range from 6 to 100 μm. To determine the refractive index, the thin-film thickness standard was measured with a coaxial interferometric measurement system in various thickness ranges. The results show changing optical properties with increasing layer thickness.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The framework of the single point uncertainty presents a methodology to determine the local measurement uncertainty for a measurement setup. The targets of the investigation were spur (involute) steel gear wheels using a CMM in scanning mode in combination with a rotatory table, as well as a single scan of the complete gear profile without the use of a rotatory table, using the
free-form scanCMM functionality. Both methods were examined with respect to their obtained single point uncertainty.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 551–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-551-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Computed tomography measurements can be subject to specific image artefacts, which can be dependent on the effective rotation axis of the work piece during the scan. The presented approach is to combine several CT scans with different rotation axes of the work piece using a data fusion approach. To improve the fidelity of the result, surface points are weighted individually within the algorithm, dependent on the local surface quality of the measurement.
A. Loderer and T. Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 5, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-1-2016, 2016
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This article describes a new qualification concept for dimensional measurements on optical measuring systems, using the example of a prototypical multi-scale multi-sensor fringe projection system for production-related inspections of sheet-bulk metal-formed parts. A new concept is developed for determining the orientations and positions of the sensors' measuring ranges in a common coordinate system. The principle element of the concept is a newly developed flexible reference artefact.
A. Schuler, T. Hausotte, and Z. Sun
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 4, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-199-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-199-2015, 2015
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Measurement tasks of modern micro- and nanometrology with decreasing structure sizes and rising aspect ratios require nanometre-resolving 3-D capable sensors. A 3-D probing system based on electrical interaction is presented which is operated on a nanopositioning system NMM-1. New 3-D measurement procedures for the probing system as well as for micrometrology measurement tasks in general are shown.
Related subject area
Measurement theory, uncertainty and modeling of measurements: Measurement uncertainty
Metrological assessment of a robotic total station for use in post-earthquake emergency conditions
Approximate sequential Bayesian filtering to estimate 222Rn emanation from 226Ra sources using spectral time series
Evaluation of precision, accuracy and threshold for the design of vibrotactile feedback in eye tracking applications
Influence of measurement uncertainty on machine learning results demonstrated for a smart gas sensor
Towards efficient application-dependent dimensional measurements with computed tomography: optimized reduction of measurement duration using continuous scan mode: experimental investigations
Structure of digital metrological twins as software for uncertainty estimation
Assessment of uncertainties for measurements of total near-normal emissivity of low-emissivity foils with an industrial emissometer
Measurement uncertainty assessment for virtual assembly
Measurements at laser materials processing machines: spectrum deconvolution including uncertainties and model selection
Determination of the single point precision associated with tactile gear measurements in scanning mode
Uncertainty evaluation in industrial pressure measurement
Amplitude–phase calibration of tri-axial accelerometers in the low-frequency range by a LDV
Calibration of torque measurement under constant rotation in a wind turbine test bench
Modeling the unified measurement uncertainty of deflectometric and plenoptic 3-D sensors
Sensors 4.0 – smart sensors and measurement technology enable Industry 4.0
Test equipment and its effect on the calibration of instrument transformers
Bilateral comparison for determining the dynamic characteristic values of contact thermometers in fluids
A pathway to eliminate the gas flow dependency of a hydrocarbon sensor for automotive exhaust applications
Statistical characterization of evaluation strategies for fringe projection systems by means of a model-based noise prediction
Evaluation of dynamic measurement uncertainty – an open-source software package to bridge theory and practice
Towards assessing online uncertainty for three-phase flow metering in the oil and gas industry
Giulio D'Emilia and Emanuela Natale
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-187-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-187-2023, 2023
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After an earthquake, many resources are spent to evaluate the level of damage suffered by buildings and infrastructure. To improve the efficiency and reduce the subjectivity of such assessments, a robotic total station (RTS) can be a useful support. This work aims evaluates the performance of a RTS for use in emergency conditions. Furthermore, the analysis of reduced configurations of the monitoring points highlights interesting aspects for defining a standardized, simplified procedure.
Florian Mertes, Stefan Röttger, and Annette Röttger
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 147–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-147-2023, 2023
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In this work, a novel approach to deduce the release of the natural radioactive noble gas 222Rn from solid sources containing the isotope 226Ra is presented. Therein, supporting radioactivity measurements of the source are used in conjunction with a theoretical description of the dynamics. For radiation protection and environmental research, reliable and comparable 222Rn measurements, and therefore reference atmospheres of 222Rn, are needed. This work improves their realization.
Anke Fischer, Thomas M. Wendt, Lukas Stiglmeier, Philipp Gawron, and Kristof Van Laerhoven
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 103–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-103-2023, 2023
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In this work, we investigated whether artificial feedback in the form of vibration has an effect on the accuracy and precision of eye tracking glasses. The results enabled the development of design proposals for vibrotactile feedback in gaze-based control systems for robotic arms.
Tanja Dorst, Tizian Schneider, Sascha Eichstädt, and Andreas Schütze
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 12, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-12-45-2023, 2023
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A fundamental problem of machine learning (ML) is measurement uncertainty and the influence on ML results. Measurement uncertainty, which is critical in hazardous gas detection, is directly addressed in this paper. A previously published toolbox is extended for regression. One of the benefits of this approach is obtaining a better understanding of where the overall system should be improved. This can be achieved by either improving the trained ML model or using a sensor with higher precision.
Christian Orgeldinger, Florian Wohlgemuth, Andreas Michael Müller, and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 219–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Industrial X-ray computed tomography is a holistic measurement technique for dimensional metrology. However, the relatively long measurement time is a hindrance to its application. A possibility to reduce measurement times, the continuous scan mode, is characterized in this work. The question is how much the time reduction impacts the accuracy of the dimensional measurements. The core result of the paper is an estimate of the effect along with experimental proof that this estimate is reasonable.
Ivan Poroskun, Christian Rothleitner, and Daniel Heißelmann
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 11, 75–82, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-75-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-75-2022, 2022
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The paper proposes a structure for the creation of new simulation software for uncertainty estimation. The structure was derived from the well-established VCMM. To make it easy to apply the software structure to specific projects, a supporting software library (written in C++) was created. The library provides all the components necessary to create software for uncertainty estimation. The software structure and library proposed can be used in different domains of metrology.
Jacques Hameury, Guillaume Failleau, Mariacarla Arduini, Jochen Manara, Elena Kononogova, Albert Adibekyan, Christian Monte, Alexander Kirmes, Eric Palacio, and Holger Simon
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 135–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-135-2021, 2021
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A TIR100-2 emissometer is used to measure the emissivity of thermal insulation products using the
low-emissivity effectto increase the thermal resistance, but the uncertainties of measurements on low-emissivity foils were not known. The study allowed the determination of the uncertainty through the detailed analysis of the measurement principle and the determination of the influences of the parameters. The measurement results were validated by comparison to a reference measurement setup.
Manuel Kaufmann, Ira Effenberger, and Marco F. Huber
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 101–108, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-101-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-101-2021, 2021
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Virtual assembly (VA) is a method for the quality prediction of assemblies considering local form deviations of relevant geometries. Point clouds of measured objects are registered in order to recreate the objects’ hypothetical physical assembly state, which is strongly influenced by the measurement uncertainty of individual points. Thus, we studied the propagation of uncertainties by VA. The results reveal larger propagated uncertainties by VA compared to the unconstrained Gaussian best fit.
Rolf Behrens, Björn Pullner, and Marcel Reginatto
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 10, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-13-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-13-2021, 2021
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The dose rate and spectral distribution of X-ray emissions from laser materials processing have been determined using a thermoluminescence detector (TLD)-based spectrometer. The penetration depth of the radiation into the spectrometer depends on its energy, so that the energy-resolved spectrum of the radiation can be calculated from the TLD dose values by means of mathematical methods (Bayesian deconvolution). The measurements are traceable to the SI.
Andreas Michael Müller and Tino Hausotte
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 9, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-61-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The framework of the single point uncertainty presents a methodology to determine the local measurement uncertainty for a measurement setup. The targets of the investigation were spur (involute) steel gear wheels using a CMM in scanning mode in combination with a rotatory table, as well as a single scan of the complete gear profile without the use of a rotatory table, using the
free-form scanCMM functionality. Both methods were examined with respect to their obtained single point uncertainty.
Nadine Schiering and Olaf Schnelle-Werner
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 251–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-251-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-251-2019, 2019
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When using pressure gauges in industry the uncertainty contribution due to the calibration should be expanded by the uncertainty contributions due to specific application. There the end user must investigate these sources or other additional influences. In addition, the new challenges in terms of calibration and traceability when applying Smart Sensor Technologies and Digitally Networked Measurement Systems were addressed.
Giulio D'Emilia, Antonella Gaspari, and Emanuela Natale
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 223–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-223-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-223-2019, 2019
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A method for amplitude–phase calibration of tri-axial accelerometers in the low-frequency range is proposed, based on a linear slide, used to excite all the axes of the accelerometer at the same time, and a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) as a reference. Results show that the phase is a critical aspect to consider in calibration, more than the amplitude, and the comparison with the theoretical model is useful to verify the hypotheses. Different behaviours result, depending on the measuring chain.
Paula Weidinger, Gisa Foyer, Stefan Kock, Jonas Gnauert, and Rolf Kumme
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 8, 149–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-149-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-149-2019, 2019
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To determine the efficiency of multi-MW wind turbines, the torque measurement in wind turbine test benches has to be performed with a high accuracy. To this end, the torque measurement has to be traced to national standards. This can be done by using a novel torque transfer standard in combination with a newly developed torque calibration procedure under constant rotation. The calibration procedure was performed on a wind turbine test bench.
Mathias Ziebarth, Niclas Zeller, Michael Heizmann, and Franz Quint
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 517–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-517-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-517-2018, 2018
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We propose a measurement uncertainty model of two complementary optical sensors: a deflectometric and a plenoptic sensor. The deflectometric sensor uses active triangulation and works best on specular surfaces, while the plenoptic sensor uses passive triangulation and works best on textured, diffusely reflecting surfaces. The predicted uncertainties can be used to obtain optimized measurements for varying surface properties. The models are validated exemplarily based on real measurements.
Andreas Schütze, Nikolai Helwig, and Tizian Schneider
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 359–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-359-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-359-2018, 2018
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“Industrie 4.0” or the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) describe the current (r)evolution in industrial automation and control. This is fundamentally based on smart sensors, which generate data and allow further functionality from self-monitoring and self-configuration to condition monitoring of complex processes. The paper reviews the development of sensor technology over the last 2 centuries and highlights some of the potential that can be achieved with smart sensors and data analysis.
Enrico Mohns and Peter Räther
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 339–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-339-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-339-2018, 2018
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Test centres supplying accuracy tests for instrument transformers must provide measurement uncertainties for their quality management. In this work, ratio error and phase displacement of instrument transformers are discussed. The traceability to the national standards of PTB, the attainable uncertainty and the permitted error limits of test equipment for testing instrument transformers are presented.
An example of an uncertainty budget for a current transformer of the class 0,2 S is given.
Silke Augustin, Thomas Fröhlich, Marc Schalles, and Stefan Krummeck
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 331–337, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-331-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-331-2018, 2018
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In the data sheets of the thermometer manufacturers, different specifications can be found to describe the dynamic properties of contact thermometers. The present paper describes the results of a bilateral comparison made for the first time for determining dynamic parameters for two thermocouples in the laboratories of the JUMO GmbH & Co. KG Fulda company and at the Institute of Process Measurement and Sensor Technology of the TU Ilmenau with similar facilities, but different results.
Gunter Hagen, Antonia Harsch, and Ralf Moos
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 7, 79–84, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-79-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-79-2018, 2018
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Monitoring hydrocarbon concentrations in automotive exhausts is affected by flow rate changes. The signal of thermoelectric gas sensors is a thermovoltage. Its origin is a temperature difference that depends on the flow rate. To avoid this noise effect, the sensor can be installed in a defined bypass position. As shown by simulation and experiments, the gas flow around the sensor is almost turbulence-free and the signal only depends on the hydrocarbon concentration and not on the flow rate.
Marc Fischer, Marcus Petz, and Rainer Tutsch
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 145–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-145-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-145-2017, 2017
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For optical measurement systems, camera noise is the dominant uncertainty factor when optically cooperative surfaces are measured in a stable environment. In this work it will be shown that the resulting spatial noise can be estimated by means of a noise model. The capability of this approach will be demonstrated for a fringe projection system. This provides a valuable tool for a statistical comparison of different evaluation strategies, which is shown for two different triangulation procedures.
Sascha Eichstädt, Clemens Elster, Ian M. Smith, and Trevor J. Esward
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 6, 97–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-97-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-97-2017, 2017
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The challenges in the analysis of dynamic measurements significantly limit the use of existing calibration facilities and mathematical methodologies. Several international research projects have developed methodologies for the treatment of dynamic measurements at the NMI level. The transfer to industry, though, remains challenging. Therefore, this work provides a link from these activities to industrial end-users by means of the new versatile and comprehensive software package
PyDynamic.
M. P. Henry, M. S. Tombs, and F. B. Zhou
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 3, 97–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-97-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-3-97-2014, 2014
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Short summary
This paper aims to demonstrate the complete workflow of the determination of the local measurement uncertainty and its components (systematic and random measurement error) for a given measurement task. It was shown for an optical measurement setup in combination with an industrial X-ray computed tomography reference measurement system that different necessary colouring methods of polymer gear wheels have a measurable influence on the local distribution of the measurement uncertainty.
This paper aims to demonstrate the complete workflow of the determination of the local...
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